{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T00:00:58Z","timestamp":1792713658897,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]],"date-time":"2021-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632873600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Thermostable vaccines greatly improved the reach and impact of large-scale programmes to eliminate infectious diseases such as smallpox, polio, and rinderpest. A study from 2015 demonstrated that the potency of the Nobivac<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> Rabies vaccine was not impacted following experimental storage at 30\u00b0C for 3 months. Whether the vaccine would remain efficacious following storage under more natural, fluctuating temperature conditions remains unknown. We carried out a randomised controlled non-inferiority trial to compare serological responses in dogs following vaccination with doses stored under cold chain conditions with those stored within a locally made Passive Cooling Device (\u201cZeepot\u201d) under fluctuating temperature conditions.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:bold> Nobivac<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> Rabies vaccine was stored under either cold-chain conditions or within the Zeepot for 2 months. Daily ambient temperatures and temperatures within the Zeepot were recorded every 3 h. Following storage, 412 domestic dogs were randomly assigned to receive either cold-chain or Zeepot stored Nobivac<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> Rabies vaccine. Baseline and day 28-post vaccination blood samples were collected. Serological analysis using the Fluorescent Antibody Virus Neutralisation assay was carried out with a threshold of 0.5 IU\/ml to determine seroconversion. In addition, the impact of dog Body Condition Score, sex, and age on seroconversion was examined.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> The serological response of dogs vaccinated using Nobivac<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> Rabies vaccine stored within the Zeepot was not inferior to the response of dogs vaccinated using cold-chain stored vaccine (z = 1.1, df = 313, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>-value = 0.25). Indeed, the 28-day post-vaccination group geometric mean titre was 1.8 and 2.0 IU\/ml for cold-chain vs. non-cold-chain storage, respectively. Moreover, the percentage of dogs that seroconverted in each arm was almost identical (85%). There was a positive linear trend between Body Condition Score (O.R. 2.2, 95% CI: 1.1\u20135.1) and seroconversion, suggesting dogs of poor condition may not respond as expected to vaccination.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> Our study demonstrated the potency of Nobivac<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> Rabies vaccine is not impacted following storage under elevated fluctuating temperatures within a Zeepot. These results have potentially exciting applications for scaling up mass dog vaccination programmes in low-and-middle income countries, particularly for hard-to-reach populations with limited access to power and cold-chain vaccine storage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.728271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]],"date-time":"2021-09-29T06:03:16Z","timestamp":1632895396000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Investigating the Efficacy of a Canine Rabies Vaccine Following Storage Outside of the Cold-Chain in a Passive Cooling Device"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Lugelo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie","family":"Hampson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Czupryna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Machunde","family":"Bigambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorraine M.","family":"McElhinney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise A.","family":"Marston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rudovick","family":"Kazwala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Lankester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0003709","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003709","article-title":"Estimating the global burden of endemic canine rabies","volume":"9","author":"Hampson","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.7774\/cevr.2013.2.1.19","article-title":"The present and future of rabies vaccine in animals","volume":"2","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Exp Vaccine Res."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.20546\/ijcmas.2017.612.237","article-title":"Review on rabies and vaccines","volume":"6","author":"Abraham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-013-1502-5","article-title":"Passive cold devices for vaccine supply chains","volume":"230","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Oper Res."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.08.079","article-title":"A passive cold storage device economic model to evaluate selected immunization location scenarios","volume":"31","author":"Norman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.01.001","article-title":"Can thermostable vaccines help address cold-chain challenges? 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