{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T11:53:27Z","timestamp":1789386807064,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]],"date-time":"2021-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Streptococcus suis<\/jats:italic> is ubiquitous in swine, and yet, only a small percentage of pigs become clinically ill. The objective of this study was to describe the distribution of serotypes, virulence-associated factor (VAF), and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in <jats:italic>S. suis<\/jats:italic> isolates recovered from systemic (blood, meninges, spleen, and lymph node) and non-systemic (tonsil, nasal cavities, ileum, and rectum) sites of sick and healthy pigs using whole-genome sequencing. In total, 273 <jats:italic>S. suis<\/jats:italic> isolates recovered from 112 pigs (47 isolates from systemic and 136 from non-systemic sites of 65 sick pigs; 90 isolates from non-systemic sites of 47 healthy pigs) on 17 Ontario farms were subjected to whole-genome sequencing. Using <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic> typing, 21 serotypes were identified with serotypes 9 (13.9%) and 2 (8.4%) as the most frequent serotypes, whereas 53 (19.4%) isolates remained untypable. The relative frequency of VAF genes in isolates from systemic (Kruskal\u2013Wallis, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001) and non-systemic (Kruskal\u2013Wallis, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001) sites in sick pigs was higher compared with isolates from non-systemic sites in healthy pigs. Although many VAF genes were abundant in all isolates, three genes, including <jats:italic>dltA<\/jats:italic> [Fisher's test (FT), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001], <jats:italic>luxS<\/jats:italic> (FT, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.01), and <jats:italic>troA<\/jats:italic> (FT, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.02), were more prevalent in isolates recovered from systemic sites compared with non-systemic sites of pigs. Among the isolates, 98% had at least one AMR gene, and 79% had genes associated with at least four drug classes. The most frequently detected AMR genes were <jats:italic>tetO<\/jats:italic> conferring resistance to tetracycline and <jats:italic>ermB<\/jats:italic> conferring resistance to macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin. The wide distribution of VAFs genes in <jats:italic>S. suis<\/jats:italic> isolates in this study suggests that other host and environmental factors may contribute to <jats:italic>S. suis<\/jats:italic> disease development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.742345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]],"date-time":"2021-11-02T05:56:43Z","timestamp":1635832603000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Serotypes, Virulence-Associated Factors, and Antimicrobial Resistance of Streptococcus suis Isolates Recovered From Sick and Healthy Pigs Determined by Whole-Genome Sequencing"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Maverick","family":"Aradanas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zvonimir","family":"Poljak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nahuel","family":"Fittipaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Ricker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdolvahab","family":"Farzan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119350927.ch61","article-title":"Streptococcosis","volume-title":"Diseases of Swine","author":"Gottschalk","year":"2019"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/82_2012_277","article-title":"Epidemiology and pathogenicity of zoonotic streptococci","volume-title":"Host-Pathogen Interactions in Streptococcal Diseases","author":"Fulde","year":"2012"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5973","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005973","article-title":"Streptococcus suis, an important cause of adult bacterial meningitis in northern Vietnam","volume":"4","author":"Wertheim","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005870317757","article-title":"Streptococcus suis: past and present","volume":"21","author":"Staats","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vet Res Commun."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2014.45","article-title":"Streptococcus suis, an important pig pathogen and emerging zoonotic agent\u2014an update on the worldwide distribution based on serotyping and sequence typing","volume":"3","author":"Goyette-Desjardins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect."},{"key":"B6","first-page":"519","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus suis isolates recovered from clinically ill nursery pigs and from healthy pigs at different stages of production","volume":"60","author":"Arndt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can Vet J."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-017-0498-2","article-title":"Genomic comparisons of Streptococcus suis serotype 9 strains recovered from diseased pigs in Spain and Canada","volume":"49","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Res."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252313000029","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance and prudent drug use for Streptococcus suis","volume":"14","author":"Varela","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anim Heal Res Rev."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.14.33.19310-en","article-title":"Genetic diversity of Streptococcus suis clinical isolates from pigs and humans in Italy (2003-2007)","volume":"14","author":"Princivalli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-50-19","article-title":"Occurrence of antimicrobial resistance among bacterial pathogens and indicator bacteria in pigs in different European countries from year 2002 \u2013 2004: the ARBAO-II study","volume":"50","author":"Hendriksen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.10.035","article-title":"Quantitative susceptibility of Streptococcus suis strains isolated from diseased pigs in seven European countries to antimicrobial agents licenced in veterinary medicine","volume":"113","author":"Wisselink","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24988","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024988","article-title":"Comparative genomics study of multi-drug-resistance mechanisms in the antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus suis R61 strain","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.04.005","article-title":"In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus suis strains isolated from clinically healthy sows in China","volume":"131","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol."},{"key":"B14","first-page":"306","article-title":"Streptococcus suis infection","volume":"38","author":"Huang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6072","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006072","article-title":"Rapid evolution of virulence and drug resistance in the emerging zoonotic pathogen Streptococcus suis","volume":"4","author":"Holden","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00972-06","article-title":"First characterization of fluoroquinolone resistance in Streptococcus suis","volume":"51","author":"Escudero","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5850","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00498-11","article-title":"Fluoroquinolone efflux in Streptococcus suis is mediated by SatAB and not by SmrA","volume":"55","author":"Escudero","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(98)00228-4","article-title":"Trends in the resistance to antimicrobial agents of Streptococcus suis isolates from Denmark and Sweden","volume":"63","author":"Aarestrup","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0147-619X(02)00149-X","article-title":"Chloramphenicol resistance transposable element TnSs1 of Streptococcus suis, a transposon flanked by IS6-family elements","volume":"49","author":"Takamatsu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plasmid."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9050374","article-title":"Update on Streptococcus suis research and prevention in the era of antimicrobial restriction: 4th International Workshop on","volume":"9","author":"Segura","year":"2020","journal-title":"S. suis. Pathogens"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2016.03.014","article-title":"Monitoring of antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus suis in the Netherlands, 2013\u20132015","volume":"194","author":"van Hout","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14831","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and genotypes of Streptococcus suis isolated from clinically healthy pigs from 2017 to 2019 in Jiangxi Province, China","volume":"130","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.620843","article-title":"Comparative Virulence and Genomic Analysis of Streptococcus suis Isolates","volume":"11","author":"Nicholson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Microbiol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6740","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7740","article-title":"Genomic signatures of human and animal disease in the zoonotic pathogen Streptococcus suis","volume":"6","author":"Weinert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e33854","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033854","article-title":"Differences in the population structure of invasive Streptococcus suis strains isolated from pigs and from humans in the Netherlands","volume":"7","author":"Schultsz","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2011.08.002","article-title":"The novel virulence-related gene stp of Streptococcus suis serotype 9 strain contributes to a significant reduction in mouse mortality","volume":"51","author":"Zhu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microb Pathog."},{"key":"B27","first-page":"997","article-title":"An epidemiological study of Streptococcus suis serotypes of pigs in Ontario determined by a multiplex polymerase chain reaction","volume":"59","author":"Arndt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can Vet J."},{"key":"B28","first-page":"1093","article-title":"Canada: DIstribution of Streptococcus suis (from 2012 to 2014) and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (from 2011 to 2014) serotypes isolated from diseased pigs","volume":"56","author":"Gottschalk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can Vet J."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2192","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.31.8.2192-2194.1993","article-title":"Use of polyvalent coagglutination reagents for serotyping of Streptococcus suis","volume":"31","author":"Gottschalk","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03411-13","article-title":"Development of a two-step multiplex PCR assay for typing of capsular polysaccharide synthesis gene clusters of Streptococcus suis","volume":"52","author":"Okura","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e72070","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072070","article-title":"Development of multiplex PCR assays for the identification of the 33 serotypes of Streptococcus suis","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2003.tb11501.x","article-title":"A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay specific for Streptococcus suis based on the gene encoding the glutamate dehydrogenase","volume":"218","author":"Okwumabua","year":"2003","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638720915869","article-title":"Development of a mismatch amplification mutation assay to correctly serotype isolates of Streptococcus suis serotypes 1, 2, 1\/2, and 14","volume":"32","author":"Lacouture","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Investig."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-016-0782-8","article-title":"Determining Streptococcus suis serotype from short-read whole-genome sequencing data","volume":"16","author":"Athey","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3671","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.10.3671-3680.2002","article-title":"Development of a multilocus sequence typing scheme for the pig pathogen Streptococcus suis: identification of virulent clones and potential capsular serotype exchange","volume":"40","author":"King","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e005066","DOI":"10.1099\/jmmcr.0.005066","article-title":"Streptococcus suis serotype 2 strains isolated in Argentina (South America) are different from those recovered in North America and present a higher risk for humans","volume":"3","author":"Callejo","year":"2016","journal-title":"JMM Case Rep."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2107","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2312.171005","article-title":"Human case of Streptococcus suis disease, Ontario, Canada","volume":"23","author":"Gomez-Torres","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1712.110609","article-title":"Lineage and virulence of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 isolates from North America","volume":"17","author":"Fittipaldi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1139\/w2012-003","article-title":"Fisher Scientific Award Lecture \u2014 the capsular polysaccharides of Group B Streptococcus and Streptococcus suis differently modulate bacterial interactions with dendritic cells 1 This article is based on an Award Lecture by Dr. Mariela Segura at the 61st A","volume":"58","author":"Segura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can J Microbiol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.11.149","article-title":"Virulence factors involved in the pathogenesis of the infection caused by the swine pathogen and zoonotic agent Streptococcus suis","volume":"7","author":"Fittipaldi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fut Microbiol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2017.1313373","article-title":"The non-conserved region of MRP is involved in the virulence of Streptococcus suis serotype 2","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virulence."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2361","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.60.6.2361-2367.1992","article-title":"Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the 136-kilodalton surface protein (muramidase-released protein) of Streptococcus suis type 2","volume":"60","author":"Smith","year":"1992","journal-title":"Infect Immun."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.4.1750-1756.1999","article-title":"Identification and characterization of the cps locus of Streptococcus suis serotype 2: the capsule protects against phagocytosis and is an important virulence factor","volume":"67","author":"Smith","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect Immun."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0882-4010(02)00192-4","article-title":"Role of suilysin in pathogenesis of Streptococcus suis capsular serotype 2","volume":"34","author":"Lun","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microb Pathog."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2017.02.005","article-title":"Critical Streptococcus suis virulence factors : are they all really critical?","volume":"25","author":"Segura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2016.03.017","article-title":"A Streptococcus suis LysM domain surface protein contributes to bacterial virulence","volume":"187","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2017.04.030","article-title":"Streptococcus suis serotype 9 strain GZ0565 contains a type VII secretion system putative substrate EsxA that contributes to bacterial virulence and a vanZ- like gene that confers resistance to teicoplanin and dalbavancin in Streptococcus agalactiae","volume":"205","author":"Lai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00452","article-title":"The XRE family transcriptional regulator SrtR in Streptococcus suis is involved in oxidant tolerance and virulence","volume":"8","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2018.1520544","article-title":"Streptococcus suis synthesizes deoxyadenosine and adenosine by 5\u2032-nucleotidase to dampen host immune responses","volume":"9","author":"Dai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virulence."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-017-0443-4","article-title":"Serotype-specific role of antigen I\/II in the initial steps of the pathogenesis of the infection caused by Streptococcus suis","volume":"48","author":"Chuzeville","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Res."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9010044","article-title":"A Case-Control Study to Investigate the Serotypes of S. suis isolates by multiplex PCR in nursery pigs in Ontario, Canada","volume":"9","author":"Denich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2014.09.003","article-title":"Development of an appropriate PCR system for the reclassi fi cation of Streptococcus suis","volume":"107","author":"Ishida","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Microbiol Methods."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr039","article-title":"Easyfig: a genome comparison visualizer","volume":"27","author":"Sullivan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioinformatics."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu170","article-title":"Genome analysis trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data","volume":"30","author":"Bolger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics."},{"key":"B55","unstructured":"AndrewS\n          FastQC: A Quality Control Tool for High Throughput Sequence Data.2010"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1089\/cmb.2012.0021","article-title":"SPAdes: a new genome assembly algorithm and its applications to single-cell sequencing","volume":"19","author":"Bankevich","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Comput Biol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9173-0_14","article-title":"BUSCO: assessing genome assembly and annotation completeness","volume":"2019","author":"Seppey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-019-1891-0","article-title":"Improved metagenomic analysis with Kraken 2","volume":"20","author":"Wood","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-014-0090-6","article-title":"SRST2: rapid genomic surveillance for public health and hospital microbiology labs","volume":"6","author":"Inouye","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu153","article-title":"Genome analysis Prokka: rapid prokaryotic genome annotation","volume":"30","author":"Seemann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01712-18","article-title":"Pathotyping the zoonotic pathogen Streptococcus suis : novel genetic markers to differentiate invasive disease-associated isolates from non-disease-associated isolates from England and Wales","volume-title":"J Clin Microbiol.","author":"Wileman","year":"2019"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3691","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv421","article-title":"Roary: rapid large-scale prokaryote pan genome analysis","volume":"31","author":"Page","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinformatics."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3156","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.59.9.3156-3162.1991","article-title":"Identification of two proteins associated with virulence of Streptococcus suis type 2","volume":"59","author":"Vecht","year":"1991","journal-title":"Infect Immun."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3318","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.61.8.3318-3326.1993","article-title":"Repeats in an extracellular protein of weakly pathogenic strains of Streptococcus suis type 2 are absent in pathogenic strains","volume":"61","author":"Smith","year":"1993","journal-title":"Infect Immun."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-10-421","article-title":"BLAST+: architecture and applications","volume":"10","author":"Camacho","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1923","article-title":"Fast gapped-read alignment with Bowtie 2","volume":"9","author":"Langmead","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Methods."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp352","article-title":"the sequence alignment\/map format and SAMtools","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D517","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz935","article-title":"CARD 2020: antibiotic resistome surveillance with the comprehensive antibiotic resistance database","volume":"48","author":"Alcock","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.16-0514","article-title":"Capsular serotypes, virulence-associated genes and antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus suis isolates from pigs in Korea","volume":"79","author":"Oh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2011.02394.x","article-title":"Genetic analysis of the capsular polysaccharide synthesis locus in 15 Streptococcus suis serotypes","volume":"324","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6968.12428","article-title":"Capsule loss or death: the position of mutations among capsule genes sways the destiny of Streptococcus suis","volume":"354","author":"Lakkitjaroen","year":"2014","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2010.02086.x","article-title":"Cell surface characteristics of nontypeable isolates of Streptococcus suis","volume":"311","author":"Bonifait","year":"2010","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2003.09.018","article-title":"Epidemiology of Streptococcus suis serotype 5 infection in a pig herd with and without clinical disease","volume":"97","author":"Cloutier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.04.029","article-title":"Functional analysis of luxS in Streptococcus suis reveals a key role in biofilm formation and virulence","volume":"152","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5073","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.05305-11","article-title":"TroA of Streptococcus suis is required for manganese acquisition and full virulence","volume":"193","author":"Schreur","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Bacteriol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3587","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01568-07","article-title":"D-alanylation of lipoteichoic acid contributes to the virulence of Streptococcus suis","volume":"76","author":"Fittipaldi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect Immun."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03655.x","article-title":"Attenuated virulence of Streptococcus agalactiae deficient in D-alanyl-lipoteichoic acid is due to an increased susceptibility to defensins and phagocytic cells","volume":"49","author":"Poyart","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8033","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.12.8033-8038.2005","article-title":"DltABCD- and MprF-mediated cell envelope modifications of Staphylococcus aureus confer resistance to platelet microbicidal proteins and contribute to virulence in a rabbit endocarditis model","volume":"73","author":"Weidenmaier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect Immun."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6719","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.19.6719-6725.2005","article-title":"d-Alanylation of teichoic acids promotes group a Streptococcus antimicrobial peptide resistance, neutrophil survival, and epithelial cell invasion","volume":"187","author":"Kristian","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Bacteriol."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2002.02723.x","article-title":"Formation of D-alanyl-lipoteichoic acid is required for adhesion and virulence of Listeria monocytogenes","volume":"43","author":"Abachin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.2436\/20.1501.01.94","article-title":"Genetic and virulence-phenotype characterization of serotypes 2 and 9 of Streptococcus suis swine isolates","volume":"12","author":"Blume","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int Microbiol."},{"key":"B82","first-page":"121","article-title":"Chapter 7: Bacterial pathogenesis","volume-title":"Medical Microbiology","author":"Peterson","year":"1996"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2016-0028","article-title":"Biological activities of suilysin: role in Streptococcus suis pathogenesis","volume":"11","author":"Tenenbaum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fut Microbiol."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-021-00201-6","article-title":"Proposed virulence-associated genes of Streptococcus suis isolates from the United States serve as predictors of pathogenicity","volume":"7","author":"Estrada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Porc Heal Manag."},{"key":"B85","first-page":"e02590","article-title":"Effects of environmental and management-associated factors on prevalence and diversity of Streptococcus suis in clinically healthy pig herds in china and the United Kingdom","volume-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol.","author":"Zou","year":"2018"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-11-161","article-title":"Genetic diversity of Streptococcus suis isolates as determined by comparative genome hybridization","volume":"11","author":"Greeff","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.10.028","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of virulence and pathology of Streptococcus suis serotypes 2 and 9 in experimentally infected growers","volume":"128","author":"Beineke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-6","article-title":"The antimicrobial resistance patterns and associated determinants in Streptococcus suisisolated from humans in southern Vietnam, 1997-2008","volume":"11","author":"Hoa","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1405.070437","article-title":"Spread of Streptococcus suis sequence type 7, China","volume":"14","author":"Ye","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2011.1106","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance, serotypes, and virulence factors of Streptococcus suis isolates from diseased pigs","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.742345\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]],"date-time":"2021-11-02T05:56:54Z","timestamp":1635832614000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.742345\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]]},"references-count":90,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2021.742345"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.742345","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]]},"article-number":"742345"}}