{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T20:32:18Z","timestamp":1788381138103,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]],"date-time":"2021-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a protozoan that infects warm-blooded animals and humans. Approximately one third of the global population is infected by\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We conducted a cross-sectional study to assess the risk factors and One Health knowledge of toxoplasmosis in Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan. From July through December 2020, we collected data using questionnaires. The results showed that 60% of participants had heard or read about the disease, 23.3% of participants had no knowledge about the disease, and 16.8% participants were not sure about the disease. More than half of the participants (53.3%) reported that toxoplasmosis was caused by toxins, 5.3% reported that toxoplasmosis was an animal disease, 13.8% reported that toxoplasmosis was a human disease, 65.8% reported that it was both an animal and human disease, and 15.3% reported that it was neither an animal nor a human disease. Approximately 80.5% of participants reported that individuals acquired toxoplasmosis by changing cat litter. Our study findings revealed a low level of knowledge and awareness about toxoplasmosis among males. Therefore, there should be awareness programs to educate individuals about the risks of this deadly disease and to provide information on the major routes of transmission.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.751130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]],"date-time":"2021-11-18T04:17:57Z","timestamp":1637209077000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A Cross-Sectional Study on the Association Between Risk Factors of Toxoplasmosis and One Health Knowledge in Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Tooba","family":"Maqsood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khuram","family":"Shahzad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shumaila","family":"Naz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sami","family":"Simsek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Sohail","family":"Afzal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahzad","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haroon","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianping","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.11648\/j.ijbse.20150306.12","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude and practice of community towards zoonotic importance of toxoplasma infection in central Afar Region, North East Ethiopia","volume":"3","author":"Desta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Biomed Sci Eng."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.3109\/00365548.2012.693197","article-title":"A review on human toxoplasmosis","volume":"44","author":"Saadatnia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B3","first-page":"227","article-title":"Genotyping of toxoplasma gondii isolates from soil samples in Tehran, Iran","volume":"8","author":"Tavalla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran J Parasitol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1333","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001333","article-title":"Maternal serologic screening to prevent congenital toxoplasmosis: a decision-analytic economic model","volume":"5","author":"Stillwaggon","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Neglect Trop Dis."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.05013-11","article-title":"Epidemiology of and diagnostic strategies for toxoplasmosis","volume":"25","author":"Robert-Gangneux","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev."},{"key":"B6","first-page":"48","article-title":"Seroprevalence of human toxoplasmosis in southern Punjab, Pakistan","volume":"10","author":"Tasawar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pak J Life Soc Sci."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3233\/NPM-190323","article-title":"Seroprevalence and risk factors of toxoplasma gondii infection in women with recurrent fetal loss from the province of khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan","volume":"14","author":"Rehman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neonatal Perinatal Med."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1707.101642","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis and horse meat, France","volume":"17","author":"Pomares","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B9","unstructured":"MMWR Recommendations and Reports2000"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1891\/0730-0832.34.5.274","article-title":"Congenital toxoplasmosis: a review","volume":"34","author":"Hampton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neonatal Netw."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-777X.83536","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis: a global threat","volume":"3","author":"Furtado","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Glob Infect Dis."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2016.05.041","article-title":"Human toxoplasmosis\u2013Searching for novel chemotherapeutics","volume":"82","author":"Antczak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.06.027","article-title":"Respective roles of acquired and congenital infections in presumed ocular toxoplasmosis","volume":"146","author":"Delair","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0902-6","article-title":"Diagnosis of toxoplasmosis and typing of Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasites Vect."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2010.03.004","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: a morphometric analysis of the wall and epithelial cells of pigs intestine","volume":"125","author":"da Silva","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-3229.1","article-title":"Isolation of viable Toxoplasma gondii from tissues and feces of cats from Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","volume":"99","author":"Dubey","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Parasitol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1053\/jinf.2000.0764","article-title":"Success in the toxoplasma dye test","volume":"42","author":"Ashburn","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Infect."},{"key":"B18","first-page":"89","article-title":"Comparison of a commercial ELISA with the modified agglutination test for detection of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in sera of naturally infected dogs and cats","volume":"7","author":"Zhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Iran J Parasitol."},{"key":"B19","first-page":"10","article-title":"Detection of Toxoplasmosis gondii seropositivity in sheep in yalova by sabin feldman dye test and latex agglutination test","volume":"29","author":"Oncel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Turkish J Parasitol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-112","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis of animals and humans","volume":"3","author":"Webster","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasites Vect."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.4103\/0255-0857.71835","article-title":"IgG - indirect fluorescent antibody technique to detect seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in immunocompetent and immunodeficient patients in southern districts of Tamil Nadu","volume":"28","author":"Sucilathangam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2014.1749","article-title":"Production and evaluation of recombinant granule antigen protein GRA7 for serodiagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection in cattle","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.17.5.939-941.1983","article-title":"Detection of immunoglobulin M antibodies with antigen-tagged latex particles in an immunosorbent assay","volume":"17","author":"Remington","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00747-12","article-title":"Development of an immunochromatographic assay based on dense granule protein 7 for serological detection of toxoplasma gondii infection","volume":"20","author":"Terkawi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Vac Immunol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-5663(03)00265-3","article-title":"A piezoelectric immunoagglutination assay for Toxoplasma gondii antibodies using gold nanoparticles","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biosens Bioelectro."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-423R","article-title":"Performance of a western immunoblot assay to detect specific anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgG antibodies in human saliva","volume":"91","author":"Stroehle","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Parasitol."},{"key":"B27","first-page":"238","article-title":"Modification and evaluation of avidity IgG testing for differentiating of Toxoplasma gondii infection in early stage of pregnancy","volume":"15","author":"Bonyadi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell J."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2016.54.4.439","article-title":"Seroprevalence and spatial distribution of toxoplasmosis in sheep and goats in north-eastern region of Pakistan","volume":"54","author":"Ahmed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Korean J Parasitol."},{"key":"B29","volume-title":"Trends in Milk Production Through Community Participation","author":"Nazir","year":"2009"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.4103\/sjmms.sjmms_33_17","article-title":"Knowledge and attitude regarding toxoplasmosis among Jazan University female students","volume":"7","author":"Mahfouz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Saudi J Med Sci."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3933","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-812320182410.21702017","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis knowledge and reventive behavior among pregnant women in the city of Imperatriz, Maranh\u00e3o, Brazil","volume":"24","author":"Moura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ci\u00eancia Sa\u00fade Coletiva."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-020-00208-9","article-title":"The first report of the evaluation of the knowledge regarding toxoplasmosis among health professionals in public health centers in Rabat, Morocco","volume":"48","author":"Laboudi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop Med Health."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/ijamh-2019-0207","article-title":"Knowledge and attitudes about toxoplasmosis among female university students in Egypt","author":"Senosy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Adolesc Med Health"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.08.023","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis in pregnancy","volume":"118","author":"Kravetz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Med."},{"key":"B35","author":"Bruce","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stratigraphic Analysis of Paleocene and Lower Eocene Rocks Adjacent to the Potwar Plateau, Northern Pakistan"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.751130\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]],"date-time":"2021-11-18T04:18:09Z","timestamp":1637209089000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.751130\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2021.751130"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.751130","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]]},"article-number":"751130"}}