{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T12:36:49Z","timestamp":1789907809816,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]],"date-time":"2021-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/J014516\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/J014516\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic> is the leading cause of human bacterial diarrhoeal disease worldwide, with poultry meat products contributing to a large proportion of cases. Due to the ubiquitous presence of <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic> in the poultry farm environment, biosecurity is the main area for intervention to prevent colonisation of commercial broiler chicken flocks. However, research has repeatedly demonstrated that farmers' uptake of biosecurity recommendations is often poor. This study explored farmers' attitudes towards biosecurity and identified barriers to effective implementation of biosecurity protocols. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 1\u20133 members of staff on each of 16 broiler farms; 6 owned by, and 10 contracted to, 3 different UK poultry integrators. In total, 28 interviewees participated, including farm owners, managers, and workers, with a range of industry experience. Thematic analysis of the interviews revealed high levels of recognition amongst broiler farmers of the importance of <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic> and the responsibility of the whole farm-to-fork chain within the poultry industry to reduce <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic> contamination of chicken meat for the benefit of public health. Participants' self-reported awareness and implementation of biosecurity has improved significantly following the industry-wide focus on <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic> control. However, there are frustrations with the industry's approach to tackling <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic> and the heavy burden of responsibility that has been put on interventions at the farm-level. There was also scepticism amongst participants as to the effectiveness of current biosecurity measures in the reduction of <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>. Nevertheless, the interviewees' recognition of the benefit of improved biosecurity on broiler health and welfare and other important targets, such as reducing antimicrobial usage, leaves a legacy of which the UK broiler industry can be proud. There is scope for further farmer education about the evidence supporting biosecurity interventions, particularly in the control of <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>, and a need to establish more effective channels of communication. Furthermore, to give all players within the industry agency and investment in industry targets, contributions from all levels should be permitted in the design of future biosecurity interventions. Biosecurity compliance may be improved through collaborative efforts, such as participatory and co-design practises, to facilitate knowledge co-creation and exchange.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.751699","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]],"date-time":"2021-12-21T05:05:13Z","timestamp":1640063113000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["The Role of Biosecurity in the Control of Campylobacter: A Qualitative Study of the Attitudes and Perceptions of UK Broiler Farm Workers"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Royden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Christley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Prendiville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola J.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"2021"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4343","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.8.4343-4351.2003","article-title":"Sources of Campylobacter colonization in broiler chickens","volume":"69","author":"Newell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8605","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01090-10","article-title":"Biosecurity-based interventions and strategies to reduce Campylobacter spp. on poultry farms","volume":"77","author":"Newell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.01.006","article-title":"Review article: Campylobacters as zoonotic pathogens: a food production perspective","volume":"117","author":"Humphrey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026880800188X","article-title":"Campylobacter in housed broiler chickens: a longitudinal study of risk factors","volume":"137","author":"Rushton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect."},{"key":"B6","unstructured":"2021"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(96)01122-1","article-title":"Validation of a poultry biosecurity survey","volume":"31","author":"Nespeca","year":"1997","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1637\/9233-011210-Reg.1","article-title":"Survey of biosecurity protocols and practices adopted by growers on commercial poultry farms in Georgia","volume":"54","author":"Dorea","year":"2010","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.101759","article-title":"Risk factors for antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli found in GB Turkey flocks","volume":"173","author":"Jones","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Rec."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2016.1146820","article-title":"Observations on the distribution and control of Salmonella in commercial duck hatcheries in the UK","volume":"45","author":"Martelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12870","article-title":"Knowledge gaps in control of Campylobacter for prevention of campylobacteriosis","volume":"65","author":"Hansson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis."},{"key":"B12","unstructured":"2010"},{"key":"B13","unstructured":"FoodStandards Agency,. Campylobacter Contamination in Fresh Whole UK-Produced Chilled Chickens at Retail: July \u2013 September 2015.\n          2015"},{"key":"B14","unstructured":"FoodStandards Agency,. Campylobacter Levels Remain Steady.\n          2018"},{"key":"B15","unstructured":"2008"},{"key":"B16","unstructured":"RedTractor,. Chicken Standards: Broilers Poussin.\n          2019"},{"key":"B17","unstructured":"RedTractor,. Red Tractor Assurance: Annual Review 2015.\n          2015"},{"key":"B18","unstructured":"CampylobacterJoint Working Group,. Enhanced Red Tractor Farm Assurance.\n          2014"},{"key":"B19","unstructured":"2014"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-9-71","article-title":"Cattle producers' perceptions of biosecurity","volume":"9","author":"Brennan","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.22323\/2.19040201","article-title":"Expertise and communicating about infectious disease: a case study of uncertainty and rejection of local knowledge in discourse of experts and decision makers","volume":"19","author":"Manyweathers","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCOM"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2016.06.001","article-title":"Broken biosecurity? Veterinarians' framing of biosecurity on dairy farms in England","volume":"132","author":"Shortall","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","article-title":"Using thematic analysis in psychology","volume":"3","author":"Braun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Qual Res Psychol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2011.08.004","article-title":"Evaluation of strategies to enhance biosecurity compliance on poultry farms in Qu\u00e9bec: effect of audits and cameras","volume":"103","author":"Racicot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2011.04.011","article-title":"Description of 44 biosecurity errors while entering and exiting poultry barns based on video surveillance in Quebec, Canada","volume":"100","author":"Racicot","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med."},{"key":"B26","unstructured":"2006"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2017.04.002","article-title":"\u201cCatch 22\u201d: biosecurity awareness, interpretation and practice amongst poultry catchers","volume":"141","author":"Millman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1067\/mic.2001.18405","article-title":"Understanding adherence to hand hygiene recommendations: the theory of planned behavior","volume":"29","author":"O'Boyle","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control."},{"key":"B29","unstructured":"LindenJ\n          2015"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1080\/17530350.2014.904243","article-title":"\u2018Just-in-Time' Disease; Biosecurity, poultry and power","volume":"8","author":"Allen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Cult Econ."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1586\/erv.12.138","article-title":"Salmonella vaccines in poultry: past, present and future","volume":"12","author":"Desin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5596","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2019.5596","article-title":"Salmonella control in poultry flocks and its public health impact","volume":"17","author":"European","year":"2019","journal-title":"J EFSA"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2011.2105","article-title":"Scientific Opinion on Campylobacter in broiler meat production: control options and performance objectives and\/or targets at different stages of the food chain","volume":"9","author":"European","year":"2011","journal-title":"J EFSA"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2005.02781.x","article-title":"Use of a systematic review to assist the development of Campylobacter control strategies in broilers","volume":"100","author":"Adkin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450094153","article-title":"Thermophilic Campylobacter spp. in Danish broiler production: a cross-sectional survey and a retrospective analysis of risk factors for occurrence in broiler flocks","volume":"29","author":"Hald","year":"2000","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2010.05.007","article-title":"Risk factors associated with the presence of Campylobacter-positive broiler flocks in Sweden","volume":"96","author":"Hansson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2009.01295.x","article-title":"Reducing Campylobacter and Salmonella infection: two studies of the economic cost and attitude to adoption of on-farm biosecurity measures","volume":"57","author":"Fraser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026881600251X","article-title":"Effect of enhanced biosecurity and selected on-farm factors on Campylobacter colonization of chicken broilers","volume":"145","author":"Georgiev","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2007.05.012","article-title":"Biosecurity measures on swine farms in Spain: perceptions by farmers and their relationship to current on-farm measures","volume":"82","author":"Casal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.4315\/JFP-19-527","article-title":"Survey of the US broiler industry regarding pre- and postharvest interventions targeted to mitigate Campylobacter contamination on broiler chicken products","volume":"83","author":"Hwang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Food Prot."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-73.7.1278","article-title":"Knowledge and attitudes toward food safety and use of good production practices among Canadian broiler chicken producers","volume":"73","author":"Young","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Food Prot."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20152323","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2015.2323","article-title":"Monitoring chicken flock behaviour provides early warning of infection by human pathogen Campylobacter","volume":"283","author":"Colles","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc R Soc B"},{"key":"B43","first-page":"e01364","article-title":"Campylobacter jejuni is not merely a commensal in commercial broiler chickens and affects bird welfare","volume-title":"MBio.","author":"Humphrey","year":"2014"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-54-12","article-title":"Measuring the costs of biosecurity on poultry farms: a case study in broiler production in Finland","volume":"54","author":"Siekkinen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-5661.2012.00538.x","article-title":"Biosecurity and the topologies of infected life: from borderlines to borderlands","volume":"38","author":"Hinchliffe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trans Inst Br Geogr."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2007.00113.x","article-title":"Adoption of biosecurity practices in the Australian poultry industries","volume":"85","author":"East","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aust Vet J."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.4315\/JFP-20-428","article-title":"Campylobacter contamination at retail of Halal Chicken produced in the United Kingdom","volume":"84","author":"Royden","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Food Prot."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.751699\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]],"date-time":"2021-12-21T05:05:17Z","timestamp":1640063117000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.751699\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2021.751699"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.751699","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]]},"article-number":"751699"}}