{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T06:14:41Z","timestamp":1790144081434,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The measurement and treatment of acute pain in animals is essential from a welfare perspective. Valid pain-related outcome measures are also crucial for ensuring reliable and translatable findings in veterinary clinical trials. The short form of the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale (CMPS-SF) is a multi-item behavioral pain assessment tool, developed and validated using a psychometric approach, to measure acute pain in the dog. Here we conduct a scoping review to identify prospective research studies that have used the CMPS-SF. We aim to describe the contexts in which it has been used, verify the correct use of the scale, and examine whether these studies are well\n                    <jats:bold>-<\/jats:bold>\n                    designed and adequately powered. We identify 114 eligible studies, indicating widespread use of the scale. We also document a limited number of modifications to the scale and intervention level, which would alter its validity. A variety of methods, with no consensus, were used to analyse data derived from the scale. However, we also find many deficiencies in reporting of experimental design in terms of the observers used, the underlying hypothesis of the research, the statement of primary outcome, and the use of\n                    <jats:italic>a priori<\/jats:italic>\n                    sample size calculations. These deficiencies may predispose to both type I and type II statistical errors in the small animal pain literature. We recommend more robust use of the scale and derived data to ensure success of future studies using the tool ensuring reliable and translatable outcomes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.751949","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T20:11:50Z","timestamp":1633032710000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["The Short Form of the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale in Post-operative Analgesia Studies in Dogs: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Barbara","family":"Testa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Reid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marian E.","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela J.","family":"Murison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew M.","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308ps21","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaa9116","article-title":"Companion animals: translational scientist's new best friends","volume":"7","author":"Kol","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000978","article-title":"Translational pain assessment: could natural animal models be the missing link?","volume":"158","author":"Klinck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E10","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12200","article-title":"Guidelines for recognition, assessment and treatment of pain","volume":"55","author":"Mathews","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-7331","article-title":"2015 AAHA\/AAFP pain management guidelines for dogs and cats*","volume":"51","author":"Epstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2018.04.013","article-title":"Measuring pain in dogs and cats using structured behavioural observation","volume":"236","author":"Reid","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet J."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1998.212.01.61","article-title":"Comparison of three methods used for assessment of pain in dogs","volume":"212","author":"Holton","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1998.tb03681.x","article-title":"Relationship between physiological factors and clinical pain in dogs scored using a numerical rating scale","volume":"39","author":"Holton","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.148.17.525","article-title":"Development of a behaviour-based scale to measure acute pain in dogs","volume":"148","author":"Holton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet Rec."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2154","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2005.66.2154","article-title":"Application of a scaling model to establish and validate an interval level pain scale for assessment of acute pain in dogs","volume":"66","author":"Morton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1017\/S096272860003178X","article-title":"Development of the short-form Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale (CMPS-SF) and derivation of an analgesic intervention score","volume":"8","author":"Reid","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anim Welfare."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2010.00544.x","article-title":"Considerations for prospective studies in animal analgesia","volume":"37","author":"Slingsby","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2018.04.001","article-title":"Agreement among anesthesiologists regarding postoperative pain assessment in dogs","volume":"45","author":"Hofmeister","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2006.00234.x","article-title":"Sample size and statistical power in the small-animal analgesia literature","volume":"48","author":"Hofmeister","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.12834\/VetIt.699.3421.3","article-title":"Creation and validation of the Italian Version of the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale-Short Form (ICMPS-SF)","volume":"54","author":"Della Rocca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Ital."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08029-7","article-title":"Unequal group sizes in randomised trials: guarding against guessing","volume":"359","author":"Schulz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2018.07.005","article-title":"Simple randomization may lead to unequal group sizes. Is that a problem?","volume":"154","author":"Shibasaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Orthodont Dentof Orthop."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"c869","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c869","article-title":"CONSORT 2010 Explanation and Elaboration: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials","volume":"340","author":"Moher","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.162.13.403","article-title":"Application of a modified form of the Glasgow pain scale in a veterinary teaching centre in the Netherlands","volume":"162","author":"Murrell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Rec."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1999.214.05.651","article-title":"Development of a scale to evaluate postoperative pain in dogs","volume":"214","author":"Firth","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e49480","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0049480","article-title":"Validation of orthopedic postoperative pain assessment methods for dogs: a prospective, blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study","volume":"7","author":"Rialland","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00274","article-title":"Development, preliminary validation, and refinement of the Composite Oral and Maxillofacial Pain Scale-Canine\/Feline (COPS-C\/F)","volume":"6","author":"Della Rocca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/vaa.12269","article-title":"Agreement between veterinary students and anesthesiologists regarding postoperative pain assessment in dogs","volume":"43","author":"Barletta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-017-0074-5","article-title":"Exploring the interplay between rescue drugs, data imputation, and study outcomes: conceptual review and qualitative analysis of an acute pain data set","volume":"6","author":"Singla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Ther."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e012594","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012594","article-title":"Non-inferiority trials: are they inferior? A systematic review of reporting in major medical journals","volume":"6","author":"Rehal","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.104035","article-title":"In veterinary trials reporting and communication regarding randomisation procedures is suboptimal","volume":"181","author":"Di Girolamo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Rec."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000322","DOI":"10.1136\/vetreco-2018-000322","article-title":"Incomplete reporting of experimental studies and items associated with risk of bias in veterinary research","volume":"6","author":"Rufiange","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Rec Open."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e647","DOI":"10.1097\/PR9.0000000000000647","article-title":"Current methods and challenges for acute pain clinical trials","volume":"4","author":"Gilron","year":"2019","journal-title":"PAIN Rep."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.244.9.1075","article-title":"Type II error and statistical power in reports of small animal clinical trials","volume":"244","author":"Giuffrida","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0197882","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0197882","article-title":"ARRIVE has not ARRIVEd: support for the ARRIVE (Animal Research: reporting of in vivo Experiments) guidelines does not improve the reporting quality of papers in animal welfare, analgesia or anesthesia","volume":"13","author":"Leung","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15275","article-title":"Defining success in regional anaesthesia","volume":"76","author":"Johnston","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anaesthesia."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.11.009","article-title":"Reporting of primary analyses and multiplicity adjustment in recent analgesic clinical trials: ACTTION systematic review and recommendations","volume":"155","author":"Gewandter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14744","article-title":"Clinical Trials in Veterinary Medicine: A New Era Brings New Challenges","volume":"31","author":"Oyama","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e621","DOI":"10.1097\/PR9.0000000000000621","article-title":"Checklist for the preparation and review of pain clinical trial publications: a pain-specific supplement to CONSORT","volume":"4","author":"Gewandter","year":"2019","journal-title":"PAIN Rep."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0159267","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159267","article-title":"Empirical evidence of study design biases in randomized trials: systematic review of meta-epidemiological studies","volume":"11","author":"Page","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0183591","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183591","article-title":"A checklist is associated with increased quality of reporting preclinical biomedical research: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcam.2019.100361","article-title":"The AVMA animal health studies database","volume":"37","author":"D. Murphey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Top Compan Anim Med."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.751949\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,8]],"date-time":"2024-09-08T23:29:13Z","timestamp":1725838153000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.751949\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2021.751949"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.751949","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"article-number":"751949"}}