{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T07:33:49Z","timestamp":1767857629384,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]],"date-time":"2021-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Epizootic lymphangitis caused by <jats:italic>Histoplasma capsulatum<\/jats:italic> variety <jats:italic>farciminosum<\/jats:italic> is a debilitating disease incurring considerable economic losses and affecting the welfare of carthorses. Understanding of its epidemiology is important for devising effective prevention and control measures. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 4,162 carthorses in 17 towns in Ethiopia between October 2018 and June 2019. Clinical and microscopic examinations, fungal culturing, and polymerase chain reaction were used to undertake this study. The overall prevalence of epizootic lymphangitis was 16.67% (95% CI: 15.55\u201317.84) in carthorses. Epizootic lymphangitis was detected in carthorses found in 16 of the 17 towns included in the study. The highest prevalence was recorded at Kombolcha Town (33.33; 95% CI: 27.54\u201339.52) whereas the lowest was recorded at Debre Birhan Town (0.00; 95% CI: 0.00\u20131.27). The results of univariable firth logistic regression analysis showed that the difference between the prevalence of Kombolcha and the prevalences of all the other towns except Holota and Shashemene were statistically significant. Statistically significantly lower prevalence was observed in other towns. Classification of the cases into different clinical forms showed that 87.18, 4.33, and 0.58% were cutaneous, ocular, and respiratory forms respectively, while the remaining 7.93% (55\/694; 95% CI: 6.03\u201310.19) were classified as mixed form. In terms of the severity of the disease, 28.67, 60.52, and 0.81% were mild, moderate, and severe cases, respectively. The majority of the lesions (43.95%) were observed in the skin followed by forelimbs (14.55%) and neck region (14.27%). Higher mean annual temperature, lower annual rainfall, and higher humidity of the study towns were statistically significantly associated with an increased risk of epizootic lymphangitis. In conclusion this study revealed widespread occurrence of epizootic lymphangitis in carthorses yet a heterogeneous prevalence between towns. The veterinary and livestock authorities should take this into account while devising disease control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.762937","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]],"date-time":"2021-12-10T06:07:38Z","timestamp":1639116458000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Epidemiology of Epizootic Lymphangitis Among Carthorses in Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Musse G.","family":"Abdela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sori","family":"Teshale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mesfin M.","family":"Gobena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aboma","family":"Zewde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hawi","family":"Jaleta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Balako","family":"Gumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gobena","family":"Ameni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"869","article-title":"Lameness and associated risk factors in cart mules in northwestern Ethiopia","volume":"12","author":"Bazezew","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob Vet."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2004.09.008","article-title":"A cross-sectional study of epizootic lymphangitis in cart-mules in western Ethiopia","volume":"66","author":"Ameni","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0004732","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004732","article-title":"Worldwide phylogenetic distributions and population dynamics of the genus histoplasma","volume":"10","author":"Teixeira","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"B4","unstructured":"\u201cEpizootic lymphangitis: Manual of Standards for Diagnostic Test and Vaccines,\u201d1271277Chapter 3, 5.4, (OIE), Paris, France2018"},{"key":"B5","unstructured":"\u201cEpizootic Lymphangitis,\u201d\n            ScantleburyC\n            ReedK\n          Infectious Diseases of the Horse Published by EVJ"},{"key":"B6","article-title":"\u201c2016\/17, Volume II: Report on Livestock and livestock characteristics (Private peasant holdings),\u201d","volume-title":"Statistical Bulletin 585. 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