{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T17:51:11Z","timestamp":1790963471711,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heart disease is a leading cause of death among cats and dogs. Vertebral heart scale (VHS) is one tool to quantify radiographic cardiac enlargement and to predict the occurrence of congestive heart failure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of artificial intelligence (AI) performing VHS measurements when compared with two board-certified specialists. Ground truth consisted of the average of constituent VHS measurements performed by board-certified specialists. Thirty canine and 30 feline thoracic lateral radiographs were evaluated by each operator, using two different methods for determination of the cardiac short axis on dogs' radiographs: the original approach published by Buchanan and the modified approach proposed by the EPIC trial authors, and only Buchanan's method for cats' radiographs. Overall, the VHS calculated by the AI, radiologist, and cardiologist had a high degree of agreement in both canine and feline patients (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.998). In canine patients, when comparing methods used to calculate VHS by specialists, there was also a high degree of agreement (ICC = 0.999). When evaluating specifically the results of the AI VHS vs. the two specialists' readings, the agreement was excellent for both canine (ICC = 0.998) and feline radiographs (ICC = 0.998). Performance of AI trained to locate VHS reference points agreed with manual calculation by specialists in both cats and dogs. Such a computer-aided technique might be an important asset for veterinarians in general practice to limit interobserver variability and obtain more comparable VHS reading over time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.764570","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T06:02:53Z","timestamp":1639029773000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Comparison of a Deep Learning Algorithm vs. Humans for Vertebral Heart Scale Measurements in Cats and Dogs Shows a High Degree of Agreement Among Readers"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Emilie","family":"Boissady","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alois","family":"De La Comble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiajuan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Abbott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hespel","family":"Adrien-Maxence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985815612151","article-title":"An introduction to the pathology of aging","volume":"53","author":"Ward","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Pathol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.3390.\/ani10122392","article-title":"Diagnostic imaging of cardiovascular disease in small animals","volume":"10","author":"Diana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. Open Access."},{"key":"B3","first-page":"16","article-title":"Objective assessment of the radiographic cardiac size in dogs-a review of the heart size measurements","volume":"11","author":"Andrei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lucr. Stiin,t., Med."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3389.\/fvets.2019.00513","article-title":"Animal Patients","volume":"20","author":"Hsieh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B5","first-page":"33","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Canine and Feline, Cardiology, Elsevier Health, Sciences."},{"key":"B6","article-title":"Feline cardiovascular system","volume-title":"Textbook of Veterinary Diagnostic Radiology.","author":"Thrall","year":"2017"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1987.tb05977.x","article-title":"On thoracic radiographs of cats","volume":"28","author":"Broek","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1995.206.02.194","article-title":"Vertebral scale system to measure canine heart size in radiographs","volume":"206","author":"Buchanan","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15854","article-title":"Radiographic measurements to predict echocardiographic left heart enlargement in dogs with preclinical myxomatous mitral valve disease","volume":"34","author":"Poad","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15488","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of myxomatous mitral valve disease in dogs","volume":"33","author":"Keene","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.146.24.687","article-title":"Assessment of the value of the vertebral heart scale in the radiographic diagnosis of cardiac disease in dogs","volume":"146","author":"Lamb","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet Rec."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2010.00910.x","article-title":"Rate of change of heart size before congestive heart failure in dogs with mitral regurgitation","volume":"51","author":"Lord","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12912","article-title":"Artificial intelligence evaluating primary thoracic lesions has an overall lower error rate compared to veterinarians or veterinarians in conjunction with the artificial intelligence","volume":"61","author":"Boissady","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e44","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2019.20.e44","article-title":"Classification of radiographic lung pattern based on texture analysis and machine learning","volume":"20","author":"Yoon","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Sci."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37749","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2900053","article-title":"Automatic cardiothoracic ratio calculation with deep learning","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3476","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2013.446","article-title":"Deep convolutional network cascade for facial point detection","volume":"13","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Conf Comput Vis Patter Recogn."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2014.220","article-title":"deepface: closing the gap to human-level performance in face, verification","volume":"14","author":"Taigman","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Conf Comput Vis Patter Recogn."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7003","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-63887-8","article-title":"Automated Measurement of Hydrops Ratio from MRI in patients with m\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease using cnn-based segmentation","volume":"10","author":"Cho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.20181","article-title":"Deep learning enables automatic quantitative assessment of puborectalis muscle and urogenital hiatus in plane of minimal hiatal dimensions","volume":"54","author":"Noort","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-32875-7_4","article-title":"Automated left ventricle dimension measurement in 2d cardiac ultrasound via an anatomically meaningful CNN approach","volume":"19","author":"Gilbert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet World."},{"key":"B21","unstructured":"SakinisT JenssenHBM Pathological lymph nodes using deep learning interactively in real-time vs. traditional caliper-based approach.2020"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.2460\/javma216.210","article-title":"to Measure heart size in radiographs of cats","volume":"216","author":"Litster","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/jjcm02.012","article-title":"of Selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research","volume":"15","author":"Koo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Chiropr Med."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2005.00024.x","article-title":"interobserver variability of vertebral heart size measurements in dogs with normal and enlarged hearts","volume":"46","author":"Hansson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.246.10.1091","article-title":"Effect of cardiac and respiratory cycles on vertebral heart score measured on fluoroscopic images of healthy dogs","volume":"246","author":"Olive","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2020.872-878","article-title":"Surachetpong SDA of methods for diagnosing heart diseases in cats","volume":"13","author":"Laudhittirut","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet World."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.2006.tb00131.x","article-title":"Method comparison in the clinical laboratory","volume":"35","author":"Jensen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.764570\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,14]],"date-time":"2024-09-14T02:28:08Z","timestamp":1726280888000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.764570\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]]},"references-count":27,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2021.764570"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.764570","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]]},"article-number":"764570"}}