{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T16:26:45Z","timestamp":1791822405092,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]],"date-time":"2022-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Within modern biotechnology, different tools and methodologies have been developed to maximize canine semen conservation protocol to optimize reproductive results. In the last decades, the survival of chilled semen has been prolonged from 2 to 3 days with the first basic diluents, to 10\u201314 days with the modern extenders. However, their main limitation is that sperm quality decreases during cold storage. Sperm activators (SA) have been produced to provide the molecules necessary to maximize the sperm survival and quality with the aim to enhance fertility and prolificacy. In this study, the effect of commercial extender SA (Theriosolution\u00ae Canine AI extender -Chile-) was recorded by daily evaluation of chilled semen for 14 days. In this experiment, sperm-rich ejaculate fraction was collected from six adult healthy Neapolitan Mastiff dogs. The semen evaluation started immediately after collection (d0), and after that a next generation extender was added (d0) for every 24 h from d1 (with and without SA) to d14, to determine spermatozoa progressive motility, velocity of forward progression (VFP), morphology, and integrity of the spermatic membrane. The initial sperm concentration of extended semen was 417.3 \u00b1 170.4 x 10<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\/mL (mean \u00b1 SEM) with 85.89 \u00b1 4.76% of MNS (morphologically normal sperm), 84.47 \u00b1 5.22 % live sperm, and pH of 6.2 \u00b1 2.8. The initial VFP was 3.83 \u00b1 0.48, but after 1 min with SA, it rises to 4.45 \u00b1 0.45 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt; 0.001). The sperm progressive motility parameter increases significantly (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt; 0.05) in experimental trial, respect to control, starting to d2 at finish (except for d7). The VFP analysis significantly increases in experimental trial (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt; 0.05) during most days of the study with the exclusion of d3 and d14. To evaluate the seminal characteristics over time, the experiment was divided into T1 (d0\u2013d5), T2 (d6\u2013d10), and T3 (d11\u2013d14) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt; 0.001) in evaluation of morphology and membrane functionality. The MNS reached 70% at d10 and finally 65% at d14, being considered normal and possibly fertile. With Host-s, 65% of MNS were also achieved at d14. The presence of glucose and fructose in the diluents used for refrigeration can exert very important effects given the fact that metabolic routes have been found in both sugars, providing both different and complementing effects. It can be concluded that the use of SA prior to artificial insemination improves the quality of chilled semen significantly, although it does not reverse the effects of deterioration due to cellular metabolism over time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.764750","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]],"date-time":"2022-02-11T08:17:27Z","timestamp":1644567447000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Evaluation of Chilled Dog Semen Extended With Sperm Activator"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Marcelo","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Barbitta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Rivera 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