{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T08:54:26Z","timestamp":1782464066062,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]],"date-time":"2021-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638921600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004755","name":"Veterin\u00e1rn\u00ed a Farmaceutick\u00e1 Univerzita Brno","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004755","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although laboratory rabbits are commonly used as models of appendicitis in man, spontaneous appendicitis was only described <jats:italic>ante-mortem<\/jats:italic> in one pet rabbit with an acute abdomen. The aim of this article is to describe two spontaneous cases of appendicitis in pet rabbits, to describe therapeutic appendectomy, and to discuss the microbial flora of the inflamed appendix. A 5-month-old intact female and a 16-month-old, neutered male were presented to the veterinary clinic with restlessness, anorexia, and reduced faecal output. The main clinical findings were restlessness, severe discomfort on abdominal palpation, a mid-abdominal palpable tubulous mass and an elevated rectal temperature. Blood analyses showed lymphocytosis, monocytosis, and hyperglycaemia. Radiography was inconclusive. Abdominal ultrasound revealed a presence of a tubular structure with wall thicknesses of 4.2 and 3.7 mm in the two rabbits, respectively. The tubular structure had a rounded, closed end, and a multilayered wall, suggestive of appendicitis. Due to metabolic acidosis and poor prognosis, the first rabbit was euthanized. In the 16-month-old rabbit, appendectomy was performed. Recovery was uneventful, and 4 h after surgery, the rabbit started to become normally active. Postoperative care consisted of fluid therapy, multimodal analgesia, supportive care and prokinetics. Follow-up examinations at 10 days, 1 month, and at 11 months after the surgery did not show any abnormal clinical or laboratory findings. Histopathological examination of appendices from both rabbits showed gangrenous appendicitis. Aerobic cultivation showed the presence of pure culture of <jats:italic>Klebsiella variicola<\/jats:italic> sensitive to enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin, tetracycline, cefuroxime, trimethoprim sulphonamide, neomycin, and gentamicin. Restlessness associated with anorexia, abdominal pain, palpable abdominal mass, hyperglycaemia, lymphocytosis, and elevated rectal temperature may be indicative of inflammation within the gastrointestinal tract. Abdominal ultrasound is recommended in rabbits with showing these clinical signs because radiography can be inconclusive. Appendicitis is a life-threatening condition, which should be included into the list of differential diagnoses; for the rabbit, an acute abdomen and gastrointestinal stasis syndrome and must be treated immediately. <jats:italic>K. variicola<\/jats:italic> may be associated with appendicitis in rabbits as a causative agent or in association with appendix intraluminal dysmicrobia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.779517","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]],"date-time":"2021-12-08T05:49:54Z","timestamp":1638942594000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Case Report: Spontaneous Appendicitis With Suspected Involvement of Klebsiella variicola in Two Pet Rabbits"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Jekl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Piskovska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivana","family":"Drnkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Misa","family":"Skoric","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karel","family":"Hauptman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Chloupek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-305X(00)00033-1","article-title":"A morphological and immunohistological study of the human and rabbit appendix for comparison with the avian bursa","volume":"24","author":"Dasso","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dev Comp Immunol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.17221\/5519-VETMED","article-title":"A morphological and morphometrical study on the sacculus rotundus and ileum of the Angora rabbit","volume":"51","author":"Besoluk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet Med."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.15835\/buasvmcn-vm:10587","article-title":"Anatomical particularities of the cecum in rabbits and chinchillas","volume":"71","author":"Stan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bulletin UASVM Vet Med."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2006.10.002","article-title":"Lymphoid organ development in rabbits: major lymphocyte subsets","volume":"31","author":"Jeklova","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev Comp Immunol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s40477-018-0316-3","article-title":"Ultrasound morphology of cecal appendix in pet rabbits","volume":"21","author":"Nicoletti","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Ultrasound."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.148.2.281","article-title":"Natural history of the obstructed rabbit appendix: observations with radiography, sonography, and CT","volume":"148","author":"Dachman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66528","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.16236","article-title":"The immune impact of mimic endoscopic retrograde appendicitis therapy and appendectomy on rabbits of acute appendicitis","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1538\/expanim1978.36.3_277","article-title":"Occurrence of granulomatous appendicitis in rabbits","volume":"36","author":"Fujiwara","year":"1987","journal-title":"Exp Anim."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12602","article-title":"Ultrasound and computed tomography of sacculitis and appendicitis in a rabbit. 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