{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T07:00:32Z","timestamp":1787900432996,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Large animal models are developed to help understand physiology and explore clinical translational significance in the continuous development of veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) technology. The purpose of this study was to investigate the establishment methods and management strategies in an ovine model of VA-ECMO.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> Seven sheep underwent VA-ECMO support for 7 days by cannulation <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> the right jugular vein and artery. The animals were transferred into the monitoring cages after surgery and were kept awake after anesthesia recovery. The hydraulic parameters of ECMO, basic hemodynamics, mental state, and fed state of sheep were observed in real time. Blood gas analysis and activated clotting time (ACT) were tested every 6 h, while the complete blood count, blood chemistry, and coagulation tests were monitored every day. Sheep were euthanized after 7 days. Necropsy was performed and the main organs were removed for histopathological evaluation.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Five sheep survived and successfully weaned from ECMO. Two sheep died within 24\u201348 h of ECMO support. One animal died of fungal pneumonia caused by reflux aspiration, and the other died of hemorrhagic shock caused by bleeding at the left jugular artery cannulation site used for hemodynamic monitoring. During the experiment, the hemodynamics of the five sheep were stable. The animals stayed awake and freely ate hay and feed pellets and drank water. With no need for additional nutrition support or transfusion, the hemoglobin concentration and platelet count were in the normal reference range. The ECMO flow remained stable and the oxygenation performance of the oxygenator was satisfactory. No major adverse pathological injury occurred.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> The perioperative management strategies and animal care are the key points of the VA-ECMO model in conscious sheep. This model could be a platform for further research of disease animal models, pathophysiology exploration, and new equipment verification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.809487","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T10:15:35Z","timestamp":1640254535000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["An Ovine Model of Awake Veno-Arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Jiachen","family":"Qi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sizhe","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shujie","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weidong","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiaoni","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingyang","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-016-4273-z","article-title":"Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: evolving epidemiology and mortality","volume":"42","author":"Karagiannidis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-016-4223-9","article-title":"The encourage mortality risk score and analysis of long-term outcomes after VA-ECMO for acute myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock","volume":"42","author":"Muller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s40635-020-00303-5","article-title":"Heart failure supported by veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO): a systematic review of pre-clinical models","volume":"8","author":"Heinsar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med Exp."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-016-1329-y","article-title":"\u201cAwake\u201d extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO): pathophysiology, technical considerations, and clinical pioneering","volume":"20","author":"Langer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Care."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2179","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2020.04.38","article-title":"Awake veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in patients with perioperative period acute heart failure in cardiac surgery","volume":"12","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.21037\/acs.2018.08.03","article-title":"Awake and fully mobile patients on cardiac extracorporeal life support","volume":"8","author":"Abrams","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Cardiothorac Surg."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2012.02.007","article-title":"Long-term support with an ambulatory percutaneous paracorporeal artificial lung","volume":"31","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.01.039","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of a novel pneumatically driven extracorporeal membrane oxygenation device","volume":"109","author":"Karagiannidis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.13100","article-title":"Evaluation of the novel centrifugal pump, CAPIOX SL, in chronic large animal experiments","volume":"42","author":"Iizuka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Artif Organs."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.13407","article-title":"Neurologic recovery after deep hypothermic circulatory arrest in rats: a description of a long-term survival model without blood priming","volume":"43","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Artif Organs."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2018.08.100","article-title":"Cold-inducible RNA-binding protein as a novel target to alleviate blood-brain barrier damage induced by cardiopulmonary bypass","volume":"157","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1097\/MAT.0b013e31823a5414","article-title":"Ovine blood: establishment of a list of reference values relevant for blood coagulation in sheep","volume":"58","author":"Wilhelmi","year":"2012","journal-title":"ASAIO J."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712205","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.712205","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of a novel centrifugal pump and driving devices of the OASSIST ECMO system: a preclinical evaluation in the ovine model","volume":"8","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Med."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.11.038","article-title":"Venoarterial ECMO for adults: JACC scientific expert panel","volume":"73","author":"Guglin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s10047-020-01180-1","article-title":"Preclinical biocompatibility study of ultra-compact durable ECMO system in chronic animal experiments for 2 weeks","volume":"23","author":"Akiyama","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Artif Organs."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682526","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.682526","article-title":"Awake extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute respiratory distress syndrome: which clinical issues should be taken into consideration","volume":"8","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1097\/MAT.0000000000000566","article-title":"The use of GMP-produced bone marrow derived stem cells in combination with extra corporeal membrane oxygenation in ARDS -an animal model","volume":"63","author":"Kocyildirim","year":"2017","journal-title":"ASAIO J."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e211","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000121","article-title":"Extracorporeal gas exchange and spontaneous breathing for the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome: an alternative to mechanical ventilation?","volume":"42","author":"Langer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1097\/MAT.0000000000000860","article-title":"Fluid balance and recovery of native lung function in adult patients supported by venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and continuous renal replacement therapy","volume":"65","author":"McCanny","year":"2019","journal-title":"ASAIO J."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1097\/MAT.0000000000001167","article-title":"Early fluid accumulation and intensive care unit mortality in children receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation","volume":"67","author":"Anton-Martin","year":"2021","journal-title":"ASAIO J"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.809487\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T10:15:38Z","timestamp":1640254538000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.809487\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]]},"references-count":20,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2021.809487"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.809487","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]]},"article-number":"809487"}}