{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T03:22:39Z","timestamp":1775704959416,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]],"date-time":"2022-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Brucellosis is one of the most popular zoonosis in the world caused by bacteria belonging to the genus <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>. The disease is considered an occupational risk to persons dealing with animals and animal products. Brucellosis is endemic in livestock in Palestine. Yet, few studies investigated human brucellosis in Palestine. We aimed to estimate <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic> seropositivity among veterinary healthcare professionals in Northern Palestine, and to assess the associated risk factors.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> A cross-sectional study was conducted in four governorates in the Northern West Bank (Jenin, Nablus, Qalqylia, and Tulkarm). A sample of 100 veterinarians was collected. Participants were interviewed using a structured questionnaire to assess risk factors. Blood samples were collected to be screened for the presence of anti-<jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic> IgG using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> The seroprevalence of Brucellosis by ELISA was 76%. Risk factors included working in the public sector, dealing with animals' vaccination, longer period of exposure, and advancing in age.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> Brucellosis is a high-risk occupational disease among veterinarians. Its prevalence rate among veterinary healthcare workers in the Northern West Bank, Palestine was very high compared to neighboring countries and internationally.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.813900","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]],"date-time":"2022-01-06T06:40:42Z","timestamp":1641451242000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Occupational Exposure Assessment and Seroprevalence of Brucella Specific Antibodies Among Veterinarians in the Northern Palestine"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Alzuheir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hamzeh","family":"Al Zabadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammed","family":"Abu Helal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2011.04.007","article-title":"Brucellosis at the animal\/ecosystem\/human interface at the beginning of the 21st century","volume":"102","author":"Godfroid","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70286-4","article-title":"Human brucellosis","volume":"7","author":"Franco","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet infect Dis."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2005003","article-title":"From the discovery of the Malta fever's agent to the discovery of a marine mammal reservoir, brucellosis has continuously been a re-emerging zoonosis","volume":"36","author":"Godfroid","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet Res."},{"key":"B4","unstructured":"Risk Factors for Brucella spp. in Domestic Wild Animals Updates on Brucellosis\n            CoelhoAC\n            D\u00edezJG\n            CoelhoAM\n          LondonIntechOpen Limited2015"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-020-00715-1","article-title":"Human brucellosis: recent advances and future challenges","volume":"9","author":"O'callaghan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003068518-10","volume-title":"Clinical Manifestations of Human Brucellosis. Brucellosis: Clinical and Laboratory Aspects","author":"Young","year":"2020"},{"key":"B7","unstructured":"The control of neglected zoonotic diseases: a route to poverty alleviation: report of a joint WHO, Vol. 7, Bull World Health OrganWHO Headquarters, Geneva2006"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003068518-8","volume-title":"Laboratory Techniques in the Diagnosis of Human Brucellosis. Brucellosis: Clinical and Laboratory Aspects","author":"D\u00edaz","year":"2020"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e04393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04393","article-title":"Diagnosis of human and canine Brucella canis infection: development and evaluation of indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using recombinant","volume":"6","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brucella Proteins Heliyon."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1475","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001475","article-title":"Neglected tropical diseases of the Middle East and North Africa: review of their prevalence, distribution, and opportunities for control","volume":"6","author":"Hotez","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.037","article-title":"Recent trends in human brucellosis in the West Bank, Palestine","volume":"106","author":"Amro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0008164","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008164","article-title":"Occupational exposure to Brucella spp.: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Pereira","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-23-1581-2019","article-title":"Developing GIS-based water poverty and rainwater harvesting suitability maps for domestic use in the Dead Sea region (West Bank, Palestine)","volume":"23","author":"Shadeed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hydrol Earth Syst Sci."},{"key":"B14","first-page":"63","volume-title":"Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics. Livestock Survey, 2013 - Main Results","year":"2017"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.21934","article-title":"Comparison of a new and rapid method: Brucella coombs gel test with other diagnostic tests","volume":"30","author":"Kalem","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Lab Anal."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.1991.356","article-title":"The prevalence of brucellosis among veterinarians in Jordan","volume":"11","author":"Abo-Shehada","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann Saudi Med."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2014.07.010","article-title":"Risk factors for occupational brucellosis among veterinary personnel in Turkey","volume":"117","author":"Kutlu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med."},{"key":"B18","first-page":"406","article-title":"Seroprevalence of brucellosis in butchers, veterinarians and slaughterhouse workers in Hamadan, western Iran","volume":"18","author":"Mamani","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Res Health Sci."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.4103\/0255-0857.31058","article-title":"Brucellosis in high risk group individuals","volume":"25","author":"Agasthya","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indian J Med Miicrobiol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.21608\/ejom.2018.6806","article-title":"Predictors of brucellosis seropositivity among exposed workers","volume":"42","author":"Farghaly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Egypt J Occup Med."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.12955\/cbup.v5.1068","article-title":"An investigation of brucellosis knowledge, attitude and practice among livestock owners in the West Bank","volume":"5","author":"Awwad","year":"2017","journal-title":"CBU Int Conf Proc"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2017.1345366","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of brucellosis among veterinary health care professionals","volume":"111","author":"Shome","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health."},{"key":"B23","first-page":"1031","article-title":"Brucellosis in a high risk occupational group: seroprevalence and analysis of risk factors","volume":"60","author":"Mukhtar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc."},{"key":"B24","first-page":"1366","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Brucellosis among high risk individuals in Guilan, Iran","volume":"16","author":"Nikokar","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Res Med Sci"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-86702008000200007","article-title":"Epidemiological aspects of an infection by Brucella abortus in risk occupational groups in the microregion of Araguaina, Tocantins Braz","volume":"12","author":"Ramos","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.11949","article-title":"The first report of Brucella melitensis Rev. 1 human brucellosis in Bosnia and Herzegovina","volume":"14","author":"Arapovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.02.041","article-title":"Adverse events in humans associated with accidental exposure to the livestock brucellosis vaccine RB51","volume":"22","author":"Ashford","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vaccine."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.813900\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]],"date-time":"2022-01-06T06:40:50Z","timestamp":1641451250000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.813900\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]]},"references-count":27,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2021.813900"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.813900","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]]},"article-number":"813900"}}