{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T17:28:29Z","timestamp":1793294909505,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial use in livestock production has been linked to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) worldwide; however, optimization of their use has been considered an important strategy in dealing with it. The aims of this study were as follows: (a) to assess the literature on antimicrobial usage (practices, frequency, class, type) in cattle and poultry production with regard to resistance in <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>) including multidrug resistance (MDR) (b) summarize evidence for quantitative (volumes of active antimicrobial ingredients) and quality (identify and quantify active ingredient) and (c) to identify data gaps. Peer reviewed literature search was conducted by querying two online databases: PubMed and Google scholar from November 15, 2018 to February 2019. The inclusion criteria for eligibility were articles: published in English between 2008 and 2018, including poultry (chicken) or cattle or both, <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> bacteria of choice, antimicrobial use on farms, quantitative data and quality of antimicrobial used. Microsoft Excel was used for data extraction and Rayyan software for eligibility studies. The search retrieved 1,446 probable articles including those from the reference list of significant papers, of which twenty-four articles remained on full text review with more than a third of the studies being conducted in Nigeria. Farm surveys and antimicrobial sales were identified as the main sources of data and the mean quantities of antimicrobials based on sales data were 23,234, 41,280.87, and 1,538,443 kg of the active ingredient in Nigeria, Zambia and South Africa, respectively. One study from Cameroon determined the quantities of active ingredients based on dose metrics while another study still from Cameroon mentioned the quality of antimicrobials. Tetracyclines, beta-lactams\/aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones were the most common classes of antimicrobials (antibiotics) used. Our review reveals a dearth of information in Sub- Saharan Africa on the quantity and quality of veterinary drugs and yet they play a role in the overall picture of antimicrobial resistance. This finding gives an opportunity in the area of focus for future research as far as resistance and multidrug resistance are concerned in food producing animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1000457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T04:50:00Z","timestamp":1666587000000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Antimicrobial use in cattle and poultry production on occurrence of multidrug resistant Escherichia coli. A systematic review with focus on sub-Saharan Africa"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Rogers","family":"Azabo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frankwell","family":"Dulle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen E.","family":"Mshana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mecky","family":"Matee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharadhuli","family":"Kimera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.4314\/jasr.v4i2.2813","article-title":"Effect of graded levels of dietary penicillin of the growth rate and feed conversion of broiler chicks","volume":"4","author":"Onu","year":"2004","journal-title":"JASR."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2991","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(05)72979-9","article-title":"A survey on antibiotic usage in dairy herds in Pennsylvania","volume":"88","author":"Sawant","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5649","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1503141112","article-title":"Global trends in antimicrobial use in food animals","volume":"112","author":"Van Boeckel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B4","unstructured":"The State of Food Agriculture.2009"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(99)80064-1","article-title":"The effects of antibiotic usage in food animals on the development of antimicrobial resistance of importance for humans in Campylobacter and Escherichia coli","volume":"1","author":"Aarestrup","year":"1999","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(00)00208-9","article-title":"Quality measures of antimicrobial drug use","volume":"17","author":"Gyssens","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e316","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(17)30141-9","article-title":"Restricting the use of antibiotics in food-producing animals and its associations with antibiotic resistance in food-producing animals and human beings: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"1","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1177\/003335491212700103","article-title":"A review of antibiotic use in food animals: perspective, policy, and potential","volume":"127","author":"Landers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20140083","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0083","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in humans, livestock and the wider environment","volume":"370","author":"Woolhouse","year":"2015","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci."},{"key":"B10","unstructured":"Antimicrobials in agriculture and the environment: reducing unnecessary use and waste\n            O'NeillJ\n          The Review on Antimicrobial Resistance. Report by HM Government and the Wellcome Trust, London, United Kingdom2015"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2018.03.002","article-title":"Use of antibiotics in broiler production: global impacts and alternatives","volume":"4","author":"Mehdi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim Nutr."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S93","DOI":"10.1086\/340246","article-title":"Antimicrobial use and resistance in animals","volume":"34","author":"McEwen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn213","article-title":"A comparison of antimicrobial usage in human and veterinary medicine in France from 1999 to 2005","volume":"62","author":"Moulin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12298","article-title":"Guidance on the selection of appropriate indicators for quantification of antimicrobial usage in humans and animals","volume":"64","author":"Collineau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health."},{"key":"B15","volume-title":"Bitter Pills: The Global War on Counterfeit Drugs","author":"Zaman","year":"2018"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.18.209585","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in livestock and poor quality veterinary medicines","volume":"96","author":"Clifford","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000097","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement","volume":"6","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoSMed."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.09.011","article-title":"GRADE guidelines: a new series of articles in the Journal of Clinical Epidemiology","volume":"64","author":"Guyatt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol."},{"key":"B19","first-page":"179","article-title":"Antibiograms of faecal Escherichia coli and Enterococci species isolated from pastoralist cattle in the interface areas of the Kafue basin in Zambia\u2013Short communication","volume":"78","author":"Mubita","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Arh."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2852","DOI":"10.3923\/javaa.2012.2852.2855","article-title":"Patterns of antibiotic sales by drug stores & usage in poultry farms: a questionnaire-based survey in Maiduguri, Northeastern Nigeria","volume":"11","author":"Geidam","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Anim Vet Adv."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v79i1.361","article-title":"A questionnaire survey of poultry layer farmers in Khartoum State, Sudan, to study their antimicrobial awareness and usage patterns","volume":"79","author":"Sirdar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J Vet Res."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12439","DOI":"10.1038\/srep12439","article-title":"Prevalence and patterns of antimicrobial resistance among Escherichia coli isolated from Zambian dairy cattle across different production systems","volume":"5","author":"Mainda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170328","article-title":"Antimicrobial use and veterinary care 498 among agro-pastoralists in Northern Tanzania","volume":"12","author":"Caudell","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13570-017-0081-5","article-title":"Quality of veterinary pharmaceuticals and their use by pastoralists in the Far North Region of Cameroon","volume":"7","author":"Vougat Ngom","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pastoralism Res Policy Pract."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1737-0","article-title":"Veterinary medicinal product usage among food animal producers and its health implications in Central Ethiopia","volume":"14","author":"Tufa","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2012.02955.x","article-title":"Epidemiological aspects of nonhuman antibiotic usage and resistance: implications for the control of antibiotic resistance in Ghana","volume":"17","author":"Donkor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Heal."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.19182\/remvt.31170","article-title":"Antibiotic use and practices in commercial poultry laying hens in Ogun state Nigeria","volume":"69","author":"Adebowale","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev Elev Vet Pays Trop."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4172\/2472-1212.1000120","article-title":"Antibiotic practices and factors influencing the use of antibiotics in selected poultry farms in Ghana","volume":"2","author":"Boamah","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Agents."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2016.1180668","article-title":"Abusive use of antibiotics in poultry farming in Cameroon and the public health implications","volume":"57","author":"Guetiya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bri Poult Sci."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40550-016-0034-6","article-title":"Antimicrobial usage in the chicken farming in Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon: a cross sectional study","volume":"3","author":"Kamini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Food Contam."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-015-0939-8","article-title":"Antimicrobials in animal production: usage and practices among livestock farmers in Oyo and Kaduna States of Nigeria","volume":"48","author":"Olufemi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.3923\/pjn.2009.203.207","article-title":"Antimicrobial usage and residue in Morogoro","volume":"8","author":"Nonga","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pakistan J Nutr."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2012.01458.x","article-title":"Antibiotic use and resistance in animal farming: a quantitative and qualitative study on knowledge and practices among farmers in Khartoum","volume":"59","author":"Eltayb","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sudan Zoonoses Public Health."},{"key":"B34","first-page":"1","article-title":"Survey on antibiotic usage in pigs and poultry birds in Abia State, Nigeria","volume":"14","author":"Amaechi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob J Med Res C Microbiol Pathol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.4314\/sokjvs.v12i1.7","article-title":"Antibiotic usage pattern in selected poultry farms in Ogun State","volume":"12","author":"Oluwasile","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sokoto J Vet Sci."},{"key":"B36","unstructured":"Assessment of antibiotic usage in intensive poultry farms in Wakiso District, Uganda247\n            BashahunGMD\n            OdochAT\n          Livest Res Rural Dev.272015"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2018.11.001","article-title":"Antimicrobial usage by pastoralists in food animals in north- Central Nigeria: the associated socio-cultural drivers for antimicrobials misuse and public health implications","volume":"6","author":"Alhaji","year":"2018","journal-title":"One Heal."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.23937\/2474-3658\/1510047","article-title":"A survey of antimicrobial agents usage in poultry farms and antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli and staphylococci isolates from the poultry in Ile-Ife, Nigeria","volume":"4","author":"Awogbemi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Dis Epidemiol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.03.013","article-title":"Antimicrobial usage and presence of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in animal-rearing households of selected rural and peri-urban communities","volume":"218","author":"Okpara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13024","article-title":"Phenotypic and genotypic analyses of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in livestock in Uganda","volume":"66","author":"Okubo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v83i1.16","article-title":"A survey of antimicrobial usage in animals in South Africa with specific reference to food animals","volume":"83","author":"Eagar","year":"2012","journal-title":"J S Afr Vet Assoc."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v82i1.816","article-title":"Pattern of antimicrobial usage in livestock animals in south western Nigeria: The need for alternative plans","volume":"82","author":"Adesokan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J Vet Res."},{"key":"B43","volume-title":"Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Twenty-Sixth Informational Supplement","year":"2016"},{"key":"B44","unstructured":"EUCAST Clinical Breakpoint Tables Version 7.1.2017"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.ARBA-0015-2017","article-title":"Monitoring antimicrobial drug usage in animals: methods and applications","volume":"6","author":"Werner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectrum."},{"key":"B46","volume-title":"Guidance on Collection and Provision of National Data on Antimicrobial Use by Animal Species\/Categories","year":"2018"},{"key":"B47","first-page":"235","article-title":"Towards an improved estimate of antimicrobial use in animals: adjusting the \u201cpopulation correction unit\u201d calculation","volume":"81","author":"Radke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can Rech Vet."},{"key":"B48","first-page":"49","article-title":"Drug use and antimicrobial resistance among Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. Isolates from chicken and turkey flocks slaughtered in Quebec, Canada","volume":"80","author":"Boulianne","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev Can Rech Vet."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2003.08.009","article-title":"What has happened in Norway after the ban of avoparcin? Consumption of antimicrobials by poultry","volume":"62","author":"Grave","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt443","article-title":"Correlation between veterinary antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance in food-producing animals: a report on seven countries","volume":"69","author":"Chantziaras","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother."},{"key":"B51","unstructured":"OIE List of Antimicrobials of Veterinary Importance Criteria Used for Categorization List of Antimicrobials.2007"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.12185","article-title":"Antibiotics in agriculture and the risk to human health: how worried should we be?","volume":"8","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Evol Appl."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1179\/2047773214Y.0000000148","article-title":"Prevalence of ABr bacteria in healthy adults, foods, food animals, and the environment in selected areas in Thailand","volume":"108","author":"Boonyasiri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pathog Global Health."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.13-0423","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility of indicator bacteria isolated from chickens in Southeast Asian countries (Vietnam, Indonesia and Thailand)","volume":"76","author":"Usui","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-8-21","article-title":"Occurrence and characteristics of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae in food producing animals, minced meat and raw milk","volume":"8","author":"Geser","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res."},{"key":"B56","unstructured":"Use of Antimicrobial Agents and Occurrence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria From Food Animals, Food and Humans in Denmark2014"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4380","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2016.4380","article-title":"The European Union summary report on antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food in 2014","volume":"14","year":"2016","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"B58","volume-title":"Monitoring of Antimicrobial Resistance and Antibiotic Usage in Animals in the Netherlands in 2014","year":"2015"},{"key":"B59","volume-title":"WHO Critically Important Antimicrobials for Human Medicine 5th Revision","year":"2017"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.1000457\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T04:50:16Z","timestamp":1666587016000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.1000457\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]]},"references-count":59,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2022.1000457"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.1000457","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]]},"article-number":"1000457"}}