{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T08:05:54Z","timestamp":1791360354094,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]],"date-time":"2022-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fetal gastrointestinal motility (FGM) was suggested as useful to assess fetal maturity. Our study aimed to quantify FGM in relation to days before parturition (DBP), maternal size, and sex ratio of pups. During the last ten days of pregnancy, 23 clinically healthy pregnant bitches of 16 different breeds ranging in age from 2 to 9 years and body weight from 3.5 to 56.8 kg were monitored twice. The fetal intestine was observed in longitudinal and transversal scan on 3 of the most caudal fetuses in both uterine horns. Gestational age was counted backward from parturition day. The number of fetuses showing FGM was recorded in time in I (\u221211\/\u22125 DBP) and II (\u22124\/0 DBP). A Mann\u2013Whitney test was performed to analyze variations of FGM% in relation to time and parity. A Kruskal\u2013Wallis test was performed to identify variations of FGM% in relation to maternal size and sex ratio. Statistical significance was set at \u03b1 = 0.05. A total of 147 FGM observations on 50 ultrasonographic monitoring points were performed. The FGM% was higher during time II compared to time I (median: 33%, range 0\u2013100% vs. 100%, range 33\u2013100%;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt; 0.0001). FGM% was higher in small compared to large size bitches (median: 100%, range 67\u2013100% vs. 67%, range 0\u2013100%;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.01). FGM% was not affected by parity and sex ratio. As previously reported, a significant increase in FGM% was observed in the last five DBP. FGM observation may be influenced by the maternal size, with easier evaluation in small size bitches, as well as ultrasound equipment and positioning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1000975","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]],"date-time":"2022-10-19T13:06:13Z","timestamp":1666184773000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Ultrasonographic changes in fetal gastrointestinal motility during the last ten days before parturition in dogs"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Giulia","family":"Siena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Romagnoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Drigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Contiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"di Nardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Milani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12782","article-title":"Determination of gestational time and prediction of parturition in dogs and cats: an update","volume":"51","author":"Beccaglia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reprod Domest Anim."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.008","article-title":"Gestational aging and determination of parturition date in the bitch and queen using ultrasonography and radiography","volume":"48","author":"Lopate","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11030878","article-title":"Usefulness of maternal and fetal parameters for the prediction of parturition date in dogs","volume":"11","author":"Siena","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2006.00641.x","article-title":"The prediction of parturition date in canine pregnancy","volume":"41","author":"Luvoni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Reprod Domest Anim."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(03)00146-8","article-title":"Accuracy of canine parturition date prediction using fetal measurements obtained by ultrasonography","volume":"60","author":"Kutzler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Theriogenology."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1992.53.3.342","article-title":"Ultrasonographic appearance of the uterus, placenta, fetus, and fetal membranes throughout accurately timed pregnancy in Beagles","volume":"53","author":"Yeager","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2000.tb03204.x","article-title":"Determination of gestational age in medium and small size bitches using ultrasonographic fetal measurements","volume":"41","author":"Luvoni","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2017.11.015","article-title":"Early results on canine fetal kidney development: Ultrasonographic evaluation and value in prediction of delivery time","volume":"107","author":"Gil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theriogenology."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VERC.0000045396.64881.a9","article-title":"Ultrasonographic study during pregnancy of the growth of an encephalic portion in the canine foetus","volume":"28","author":"Beccaglia","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet Res Commun."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2007.00916.x","article-title":"Ultrasonographic study of deep portion of diencephalo-telencephalic vesicle for the determination of gestational age of the canine foetus","volume":"43","author":"Beccaglia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Reprod Domest Anim."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2015.05.012","article-title":"Ultrasonographic fetometry formulas of inner chorionic cavity diameter and biparietal diameter for medium-sized dogs can be used in giant breeds","volume":"84","author":"Socha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Theriogenology."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12534","article-title":"Prediction of whelping date in large and giant canine breeds by ultrasonography foetal biometry","volume":"57","author":"Alonge","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract."},{"key":"B13","first-page":"71","article-title":"Predicting the parturition date in yorkshire terrier and golden retriever bitches using ultrasonographic fetometry","volume":"55","author":"Socha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull Vet Inst Pulawy."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.11.018","article-title":"Breed-specific fetal biometry and factors affecting the prediction of whelping date in the German shepherd dog","volume":"152","author":"Groppetti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2017.07.005","article-title":"Clinical use of fetal measurements to determine the whelping day in German shepherd breed bitches","volume":"184","author":"Cecchetto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20200037","DOI":"10.1590\/1984-3143-ar2020-0037","article-title":"Estimated date of delivery in Chihuahua breed bitches, based on embryo-fetal biometry, assessed by ultrasonography","volume":"17","author":"Vieira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim Reprod"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12006","article-title":"Prediction of parturition in dogs and cats: accuracy at different gestational ages","volume":"47","author":"Beccaglia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod Domest Anim."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2018.02.005","article-title":"Is the biparietal diameter of fetuses in late gestation too variable to predict readiness for cesarean section in dogs?","volume":"113","author":"De Cramer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theriogenology."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2015.04.030","article-title":"In utero development of the fetal intestine: sonographic evaluation and correlation with gestational age and fetal maturity in dogs","volume":"84","author":"Gil","year":"2015","journal-title":"Theriogenology."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2020.106514","article-title":"Ultrasonographic analysis of fetal gastrointestinal motility during the peripartum period in the dog","volume":"219","author":"Milani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2010.08.028","article-title":"Reproductive cycles of the domestic bitch","volume":"124","author":"Concannon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2006.00108.x","article-title":"Comparison of the accuracy of two ultrasonographic measurements in predicting the parturition date in the bitch","volume":"47","author":"Beccaglia","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2014.04.025","article-title":"Canine fetal heart rate: do accelerations or decelerations predict the parturition day in bitches?","volume":"82","author":"Gil","year":"2014","journal-title":"Theriogenology."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387221125466","article-title":"Analytical and clinical performance of a fluorescence enzyme immunoassay for the progesterone and determination of ovulation day in bitches","author":"Milani","year":"","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Inv"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2018.11.020","article-title":"Deep learning in medical ultrasound analysis: a review","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Engineering."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-4-25","article-title":"Sexually dimorphic gene expression that overlaps maturation of type II pneumonocytes in fetal mouse lungs","volume":"4","author":"Simard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2010.09.001","article-title":"Sex hormone metabolism in lung development and maturation","volume":"21","author":"Seaborn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"B28","article-title":"Fetal lung development and surfactant production in the dog","author":"Kutzler","year":"2008"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2011.01773.x","article-title":"Estimated pregnancy length from ovulation to parturition in the bitch and its influencing factors: a retrospective study in 162 pregnancies","volume":"46","author":"Mir","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reprod Domest Anim."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.13353","article-title":"Neonatal puppy survival after planned caesarean section in the bitch using aglepristone as a primer: a retrospective study on 74 cases","volume":"53","author":"Roos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod Domest Anim."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.55.681","article-title":"Relationship between the number of fetuses and the blood constituents of beagles in late pregnancy","volume":"55","author":"Kaneko","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2017.04.023","article-title":"Global hemostasis in healthy bitches during pregnancy and at different estrous cycle stages: Evaluation of routine hemostatic tests and thromboelastometry","volume":"97","author":"Klainbart","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theriogenology."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2019.07.006","article-title":"Sonographic appearance of the late gestation equine fetal intestine","volume":"138","author":"Agnew","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theriogenology."},{"key":"B34","first-page":"682","article-title":"Ultrasound assessment of fetal intestinal development in the evaluation of gestational age","volume":"70","author":"Goldstein","year":"1987","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2008.10.010","article-title":"Neonatal outcomes associated with intestinal abnormalities diagnosed by fetal ultrasound","volume":"44","author":"Ruiz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.1000975\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,6]],"date-time":"2024-10-06T03:17:40Z","timestamp":1728184660000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.1000975\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2022.1000975"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.1000975","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]]},"article-number":"1000975"}}