{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T20:15:34Z","timestamp":1783541734899,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012659","name":"Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of isopropoxy benzene guanidine (IBG) against <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic> based on pharmacokinetics\/pharmacodynamics (PK\/PD) modeling in broilers. The PK parameters of IBG in the plasma and ileal content of <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>-infected broilers following oral administration at 2, 30, and 60 mg\/kg body weight were investigated. <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> PD studies were conducted over oral administration ranging from 2 to 60 mg\/kg and repeated every 12 h for 3 days. The inhibitory <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>max<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub> model was used for PK\/PD modeling. Results showed that the MIC of IBG against <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic> was 0.5\u201332 mg\/L. After oral administration of IBG, the peak concentration (<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>max<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>), maximum concentration time (<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>max<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>), and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) in ileal content of broilers were 10.97\u20131,036.64 mg\/L, 2.39\u20134.27 h, and 38.31\u20134,266.77 mg\u00b7h\/L, respectively. After integrating the PK and PD data, the AUC<jats:sub>0 \u2212 24<jats:italic>h<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>\/MIC ratios needed for the bacteriostasis, bactericidal activity, and bacterial eradication were 4.00, 240.74, and 476.98 h, respectively. For dosage calculation, a dosage regimen of 12.98 mg\/kg repeated every 12 h for 3 days was be therapeutically effective in broilers against <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic> with MIC \u2264 2 mg\/L. In addition, IBG showed potent activity against <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>, which may be responsible for cell membrane destruction. These results can facilitate the evaluation of the use of IBG in the treatment of intestinal diseases in broilers caused by <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1004248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T08:23:40Z","timestamp":1664439820000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of isopropoxy benzene guanidine against Clostridium perfringens in an intestinal infection model"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Yixing","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liuye","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianfeng","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zonghua","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenling","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongping","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-021-00628-5","article-title":"Perturbations of the ileal mycobiota by necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Biotechnol."},{"key":"B2","first-page":"377","article-title":"Necrotic enteritis in the fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus)","volume":"71","author":"Parish","year":"1961"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1080\/0379450310001636255","article-title":"Maternal vaccination against subclinical necrotic enteritis in broilers","volume":"33","author":"Lovland","year":"2004","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00578","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00578-20","volume":"203","author":"Lepp","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Bacteriol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.GPP3-0003-2017","volume":"6","author":"Shrestha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00490-0","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance\u2013the interplay between antibiotic use in animals and human beings","volume":"3","author":"Singer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2006.01.059","article-title":"Guidelines for prudent use of antimicrobials and their implications on antibiotic usage in veterinary medicine","volume":"41","author":"Ungemach","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450400013162","volume":"33","author":"Van Immerseel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(03)00106-8","article-title":"Molecular typing of isolates of Clostridium perfringens from healthy and diseased poultry","volume":"94","author":"Engstrom","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/0307945031000163291","article-title":"Susceptibility of Clostridium perfringens strains from broiler chickens to antibiotics and anticoccidials","volume":"33","author":"Martel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1517\/17460441.2013.857308","article-title":"Imtiaz-ud-Din, Badshah A. 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