{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T10:20:13Z","timestamp":1792491613877,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]],"date-time":"2022-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012818","name":"Comunidad de Madrid","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bovine trichomonosis is a sexually transmitted disease that is a primary cause of early reproductive failure in cattle. The aim of the present study was to develop a vaccine formulation based on<jats:italic>Tritrichomonas foetu<\/jats:italic>s trophozoites inactivated by lyophilization and Quil-A-adjuvanted. The safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of this new vaccine formulation (Trichobovis<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>) administered by two routes (subcutaneous: SC, and intravulvar: IVU) were compared with a commercial vaccine (TrichGuard<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>) in a well-established experimental bovine model of genital<jats:italic>T. foetus<\/jats:italic>infection. The new vaccine was considered safe in cattle because only mild local reactions were found in the vaccination area, which disappeared 3 weeks after administration. Cows immunized with Trichobovis cleared the infection faster than the non-immunized\/challenged group (27\u201328 vs. 60 days;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt; 0.05). Not significant differences were observed with the commercial vaccine respect to the positive control group, or between SC and IVU routes. The new vaccine stimulated high serum anti-<jats:italic>T. foetus<\/jats:italic>IgG and genital IgA levels and generated an IgG booster effect similar to TrichGuard. IgA levels were associated with significantly earlier genital clearance of<jats:italic>T. foetus<\/jats:italic>in cows immunized with Trichobovis by SC route (G1A) or TrichGuard (G2). The strongest association was found in the group G1A on day 14 post-infection (p.i.) (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>= \u22120.74) and in G2 on day 35 p.i. (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>= \u22120.71). The efficacy of vaccination using Trichobovis on the reproductive performance was also investigated under field conditions in a herd where<jats:italic>T. foetus<\/jats:italic>was present. The calving intervals were significantly reduced by 45.2 days (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt; 0.05), calves were born 28 days earlier (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt; 0.05) and an increase of 8.7% in the calving rate (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;gt; 0.05) was observed in the vaccinated group. These results demonstrate that Trichobovis improved the reproductive performance under field conditions in herds where<jats:italic>T. foetus<\/jats:italic>infection is present.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1005556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]],"date-time":"2022-10-06T12:45:39Z","timestamp":1665060339000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A new inactivated Tritrichomonas foetus vaccine that improves genital clearance of the infection and calving intervals in cattle"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Luis 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