{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T17:18:19Z","timestamp":1787505499322,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]],"date-time":"2022-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000277","name":"Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, UK Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MH0154"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MH0154"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000277","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000633","name":"Humane Slaughter Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BBSRC Institute Strategic Program Grant BB\/P013759\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BBSRC Institute Strategic Program Grant BB\/P013759\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Pigs are commonly stunned pre-slaughter by exposure to carbon dioxide (CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), but this approach is associated with significant welfare concerns. Hypobaric hypoxia, achieved with gradual decompression (also known as Low Atmospheric Pressure Stunning or LAPS) may be an alternative, allowing the retention of welfare friendly handling approaches and group stunning. Although validated in poultry, the feasibility and welfare consequences of gradual decompression for pigs are unknown. Here, we characterize pathological changes in 60 pigs resulting from exposure to a range of candidate decompression curves (ranging from 40 to 100 ms\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ascent equivalent, with two cycle durations 480 and 720 s). To protect welfare, we worked on unconscious, terminally anesthetized pigs which were subject to detailed post-mortem examinations by a specialized porcine veterinary pathologist. All pigs were killed as a result of exposure to decompression, irrespective of cycle rate or length. Pigs showed no external injuries during ante-mortem inspections. Exposing pigs to decompression and the unavoidable subsequent recompression resulted in generalized congestion of the carcass, organs and body cavities including the ears, oral cavity, conjunctivae and sclera, mucosa of other external orifices (anus and vulva), nasal planum, nasal cavities including nasal conchae, frontal sinuses, cranium, meninges, brain, larynx, trachea, lungs, heart, parietal pleura of the thoracic cavity, peritoneum of the abdominal cavity, stomach, small intestine, caecum, colon, liver, spleen and kidneys and representative joint cavities in the limbs (stifles and elbows). Various severities of hemorrhage were observed in the conjunctivae and sclera, mucosa of other external orifices (anus and vulva), nasal cavities including nasal conchae, frontal sinuses, cranium, meninges, brain, larynx, tracheal lumen, lungs, parietal pleura of the thoracic cavity, liver, spleen and kidneys and representative joint cavities in the limbs (stifles and elbows). In general, faster decompression rates produced higher scores, but in the conjunctivae, sclera and kidneys, faster decompression rates were associated with marginally lower congestion scores. There was considerable individual variation in pathological scores across all body regions. The congestion and hemorrhage observed could translate into welfare harms in conscious pigs undergoing this type of stunning, depending when in the cycle the damage is occurring, but no welfare related conclusions can be drawn from the responses of unconscious pigs. Since recompression is always required, its effects cannot be separated from decompression, however cessation of cardiac activity several minutes before recompression should have eliminated any haemodynamic effects relating to cardiac function and blood pressure. This study represents the first systematic attempt to identify candidate rate profiles to underpin future explorations of decompression as a stunning method for pigs. These pathological findings also inform discussions about the likely carcass quality implications of this novel stunning method.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1027883","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T23:50:07Z","timestamp":1667951407000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Characterizing candidate decompression rates for hypobaric hypoxic stunning of pigs. Part 2: Pathological consequences"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Emma M.","family":"Baxter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorothy E. F.","family":"McKeegan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Farish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill R.","family":"Thomson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard E.","family":"Clutton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen N.","family":"Greenhalgh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachael","family":"Gregson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica E.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.7120\/09627286.21.4.487","article-title":"Assessing pig welfare at stunning in Swedish commercial abattoirs using CO2 group-stun methods","volume":"21","author":"Atkinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim Welf."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6148","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2020.6148","article-title":"Welfare of pigs at slaughter","volume":"18","year":"2020","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9110911","article-title":"Humanely ending the life of animals: Research priorities to identify alternatives to carbon dioxide","volume":"9","author":"Steiner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Animals."},{"key":"B4","first-page":"329","article-title":"Physiologic responses of swine to high concentrations of inhaled carbon dioxide","volume":"24","author":"Mullenax","year":"1963","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1017\/S096272860001798X","article-title":"Welfare implications of the gas stunning of pigs 1. Determination of aversion to the initial inhalation of carbon dioxide or argon","volume":"4","author":"Raj","year":"1995","journal-title":"Anim Welfare."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1017\/S0962728600027445","article-title":"Aversion to carbon dioxide stunning in pigs: Effect of carbon dioxide concentration and halothane genotype","volume":"16","author":"Velarde","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anim Welf"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2016.00038","article-title":"Time to loss of consciousness and its relation to behavior in slaughter pigs during stunning with 80 or 95% carbon dioxide","volume":"3","author":"Verhoeven","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B8","volume-title":"Report on the Welfare of Farmed Animals at Slaughter or Killing Part 1: Red Meat Animals","author":"FAWC","year":"2003"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.7120\/09627286.28.4.421","article-title":"Could low atmospheric pressure stunning (LAPS) be suitable for pig slaughter? A review of available information","volume":"28","author":"Bouwsema","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim Welf."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.animal.2020.100164","article-title":"Review: Potential alternatives to high-concentration carbon dioxide stunning of pigs at slaughter","volume":"15","author":"Sindh\u00f8j","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animal."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2528","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pex066","article-title":"Effects of ambient temperature and water vapor on chamber pressure and oxygen level during low atmospheric pressure stunning of poultry","volume":"96","author":"Holloway","year":"2017","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2016.04.038","article-title":"Behavioural, brain and cardiac responses to hypobaric hypoxia in broiler chickens","volume":"163","author":"Martin","year":"2016"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2016.1201200","article-title":"Effects of light on responses to low atmospheric pressure stunning in broilers","volume":"57","author":"Martin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br Poult Sci."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2016.05.007","article-title":"Effects of analgesic intervention on behavioural responses to Low Atmospheric Pressure Stunning","volume":"180","author":"Martin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731119001411","article-title":"Pathological consequences of low atmospheric pressure stunning in broiler chickens","volume":"14","author":"Martin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Animal."},{"key":"B16","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Council Regulation (EC) No. 1099\/2009 of 24 September 2009 on the protection of animals at the time of killing","year":"2009"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781107415324.004","author":"Engle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Evaluation and Application of Humane Hypoxia Euthanasia for Nursery Pigs"},{"key":"B18","author":"Buzzard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Evaluation of hypobaric hypoxia as a low stress alternative to carbon dioxide euthanasia for use with nursery piglets"},{"key":"B19","volume-title":"Handbook of Analysis of Edible Animal By-Products","author":"Nollet","year":"2019"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10050825","article-title":"The Health and Welfare of Pigs from the Perspective of Post Mortem Findings in Slaughterhouses","volume":"10","author":"Vecerek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2007-00454","article-title":"The effects of low-atmosphere stunning and deboning time on broiler breast meat quality","volume":"87","author":"Battula","year":"2008","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3214","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2012-02266","article-title":"The effects of low atmosphere stunning and deboning time on broiler breast meat quality","volume":"91","author":"Schilling","year":"2012","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1017\/S0043933913000093","article-title":"Broiler stunning methods and their effects on welfare, rigor mortis, and meat quality","volume":"69","author":"Joseph","year":"2013","journal-title":"Worlds Poult Sci J."},{"key":"B24","first-page":"720","article-title":"Experimental animal decompressions to a near vacuum environment","volume":"36","author":"Bankcroft","year":"1965","journal-title":"Aerosp Med."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1968.25.3.230","article-title":"Comparison of anoxia with and without ebullism","volume":"25","author":"Bancroft","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1984.57.2.467","article-title":"Morphological and physiological responses of the lungs of dogs to acute decompression","volume":"57","author":"Catron","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.89.2.791","article-title":"Natural history of severe decompression sickness after rapid ascent from air saturation in a porcine model","volume":"89","author":"Dromsky","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1201\/b13238-8","article-title":"Principles of the pressure cabin and the effects of pressure change on body cavities containing gas","volume-title":"Ernsting's Aviation Medicine","author":"Macmillan","year":"2006"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/b13197-12","article-title":"Hypoxia and hyperventilation","volume-title":"Ernsting's Aviation and Space Medicine","author":"Gradwell","year":"2016"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-020-01321-5","article-title":"Rare pulmonary barotrauma after explosive decompression: a case report","volume":"20","author":"Tlap\u00e1k","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3357\/ASEM.3468.2013","article-title":"Pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment of ebullism","volume":"84","author":"Murray","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.3382\/japr.2010-00184","article-title":"A new humane method of stunning broilers using low atmospheric pressure","volume":"19","author":"Vizzier-Thaxton","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Appl Poult Res."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1027878","article-title":"Characterizing candidate decompression rates for hypobaric hypoxic stunning of pigs. Part 1: Reflexive behavior and physiological responses","author":"Martin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2007.02.003","article-title":"A novel telemetric logging system for recording physiological signals in unrestrained animals","volume":"57","author":"Lowe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comput Electron Agric."},{"key":"B35","first-page":"159","article-title":"Some effects of explosive decompression to 30 mmHg upon the hearts of dogs","volume":"23","author":"Burch","year":"1952","journal-title":"J Aviat Med."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2011.10.002","article-title":"Friends with benefits: Social support and its relevance for farm animal welfare","volume":"136","author":"Rault","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2763","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.02763","article-title":"Simstudy: Illuminating research methods through data generation","volume":"5","author":"Goldfeld","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Open Source Softw"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1111\/rssa.12378","article-title":"Visualization in Bayesian workflow","volume":"182","author":"Gabry","year":"2019","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Ser A."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u00fcrknerP GabryJ KayM VehtariA. Posterior: Tools for Working with Posterior Distributions.2022","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.posterior"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01686","article-title":"Welcome to the Tidyverse","volume":"4","author":"Wickham","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Open Source Softw."},{"key":"B41","unstructured":"Cumulative link models for ordinal regression with the R Package ordinal140 ChristensenRHB J Stat Softw.2019"},{"key":"B42","unstructured":"HerveM. Package \u2018RVAideMemoire': Testing Plotting Procedures for Biostatistics.2020"},{"key":"B43","unstructured":"HartigF. DHARMa: Residual Diagnostics for Hierarchical (Multi-Level\/Mixed) Regression Models.2021"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-87458-6","volume-title":"Mixed Effects Models and Extensions in Ecology with R","author":"Zuur","year":"2009"},{"key":"B45","unstructured":"WeisbergS FoxJ. An R Companion to Applied Regression.2011"},{"key":"B46","unstructured":"LenthRV. emmeans: Estimated Marginal Means, aka Least-Squares Means.2021"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Stat Softw."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4","volume-title":"ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis","author":"Wickham","year":"2016"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100057066","article-title":"Report of an investigation into the clearing of the eustachian tube in unconscious coats whilst under increased atmospheric pressure","volume":"74","author":"Irvine","year":"1960","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.90991.2008","article-title":"The physiology and pathophysiology of human breath-hold diving","volume":"106","author":"Lindholm","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/453415","article-title":"Pathophysiology of barodontalgia: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"2012","author":"Stoetzer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Case Rep Dent."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.834478","article-title":"Determining Candidate Hypobaric Hypoxia Profiles for Humane Killing of Laboratory Mice","volume":"9","author":"Clarkson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B53","volume-title":"The FAA Altitude Chamber Training Flight Profile: A Survey of Altitude Reactions 1965-1989","author":"Valdez","year":"1990"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1947.150.4.607","article-title":"An experimental study of explosive decompression injury","volume":"150","author":"Corey","year":"1947","journal-title":"Am J Physiol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0239194","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239194","article-title":"Comparison of hypobaric hypoxia symptoms between a recalled exposure and a current exposure","volume":"15","author":"Tu","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(97)03652-4","article-title":"The pathology of primary blast overpressure injury","volume":"121","author":"Mayorga","year":"1997","journal-title":"Toxicology."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-2018-001058","article-title":"Pathophysiology of primary blast injury","volume":"165","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"J R Army Med Corps."},{"key":"B58","first-page":"48","article-title":"The pathophysiology of primary blast injury","volume-title":"The Textbook of Military Medicine-Conventional Warfare: Ballistic, Blast and Burn Injuries","author":"Sharpnack","year":"1991"},{"key":"B59","volume-title":"Analysis of Blast Overpressure Injury Data: Technical Report on Contract DAMD17-93-C-3005","author":"Stuhmiller","year":"1995"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2016.03.010","article-title":"Consciousness, unconsciousness and death in the context of slaughter. Part II Evaluation methods","volume":"118","author":"Terlouw","year":"2016","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2017.02.008","article-title":"Development of an index for the assessment of welfare of finishing pigs from farm to slaughter based on expert opinion","volume":"198","author":"Brandt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Livest Sci."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00495","article-title":"Prioritization of farm animal welfare issues using expert consensus","volume":"6","author":"Rioja-Lang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10060945","article-title":"Identification of possible pre-slaughter indicators to predict stress and meat quality: a study on heavy pigs","volume":"10","author":"Sardi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2012.10.001","article-title":"Some challenges in forensic veterinary pathology: a review","volume":"149","author":"Munro","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol."},{"key":"B65","article-title":"Stunning pigs with different gas mixtures: gas stability","author":"Dalmau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anim Welf"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2014.940410","article-title":"Introducing breathlessness as a significant animal welfare issue","volume":"63","author":"Beausoleil","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Z Vet J."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-101215-4.00012-2","article-title":"Slaughter without stunning","volume-title":"Advances in Agricultural Animal Welfare","author":"Velarde","year":"2018"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58010104","article-title":"Dysbarism: an overview of an unusual medical emergency","volume":"58","author":"Savioli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicina (Lithuania)."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-4431.2010.00535_1.x","article-title":"Hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Part 2: Application in disease","volume":"20","author":"Edwards","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care"},{"key":"B70","first-page":"25","article-title":"The identifi cation of risk factors for the presence of enzootic pneumonia-like lesions and pleurisy in slaughtered finishing pigs utilizing existing British pig industry data","volume":"63","author":"Sanchez-Vazquez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pig J."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2009.12.027","article-title":"A cross-sectional study of risk factors associated with pulmonary lesions in pigs at slaughter","volume":"187","author":"Meyns","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet J."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2011.11.009","article-title":"Survey of pleuritis and pulmonary lesions in pigs at abattoir with a focus on the extent of the condition and herd risk factors","volume":"193","author":"Merialdi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet J."},{"key":"B73","first-page":"119","article-title":"Complications and side effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy","volume":"71","author":"Plafki","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.4141\/A99-129","article-title":"Effect of pre-slaughter overnight feed withdrawal on pig carcass and muscle quality","volume":"81","author":"Murray","year":"2001","journal-title":"Can J Anim Sci."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-84782011000700026","article-title":"Porcine intestinal distension syndrome","volume":"41","author":"Paladino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ciencia Rural."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119350927","article-title":"Digestive system","author":"Thomson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diseases of Swine"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2016.00108","article-title":"A review of pain assessment in pigs","volume":"3","author":"Ison","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-101012-9.00011-3","volume-title":"Pain in Pigs: Characterisation, Mechanisms and Indicators","author":"Herskin","year":"2018"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.1027883\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T15:29:38Z","timestamp":1728314978000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.1027883\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]]},"references-count":78,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2022.1027883"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.1027883","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]]},"article-number":"1027883"}}