{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:29:29Z","timestamp":1787027369145,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Clostridium difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection (CDI) in human and animals belonged usually to antibiotic-associated diarrhea, ranging in severity from mild to life-threatening intestinal tract illnesses. This study aimed to isolation and characterization, toxin genes test, molecular typing, and drug sensitivity of\n                    <jats:italic>Clostridium difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) which were isolated from clinical diseased dogs and cats. A total of 247 clinical samples were collected from five animal hospitals in Lanzhou City of Northwest China, of which dogs and cats accounted for 74.9% (185\/247) and 25.1% (62\/247), respectively. We successfully identified 24\n                    <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains by 16S rRNA and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption\/Ionization Time of Fight Mass Spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF-MS). 10.3% (19\/185) of dogs and 8.1% (5\/62) of cats were positive for\n                    <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Among them, 16 strains were toxic and 8 were non-toxic, with a toxic rate of 57.9% (11\/19) in dogs and 100% (5\/5) in cats. A total of 10 STs and 10 RTs were identified in this study. The percentages of ST42 (RT106) and ST2 (RT014\/LW01) among 16 toxic strains were 41.7 and 12.5%, respectively. However, ST3 (RT001), ST1 (RT027), ST133 (LW04), and ST-UN (LW04) had only one strain. ST42 (RT106) was the most common genotype and RT027 strain was first isolated in China from pets. Antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that isolates were extremely sensitive to vancomycin and metronidazole but were resistant to erythromycin and ciprofloxacin. The drug resistant rates to clindamycin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin and meropenem were 62.5, 20.8, 16.7, and 8.3%, respectively. In conclusion,\n                    <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    was quietly prevalent in dogs and cats in Lanzhou city with RT106 and RT014 as the main ribotypes. The CDI in pets should be paying more attention and further studies are needed.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1032945","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T03:15:07Z","timestamp":1668741307000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Isolation, molecular typing and antimicrobial resistance of Clostridium difficile in dogs and cats in Lanzhou city of Northwest China"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Gui-Lin","family":"Wen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shi-Hong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya-Jun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Xia","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Bo","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi-Wang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian-Yong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1935.01970020105010","article-title":"Intestinal flora in new-born infants with a description of a new pathogenic anaerobe, bacillus difficilis","volume":"49","author":"Hall","year":"1935","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(78)90457-2","article-title":"Role of clostridium difficile in antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis","volume":"75","author":"Bartlett","year":"1978","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/143.1.42","article-title":"Isolation of clostridium difficile from the environment and contacts of patients with antibiotic-associated colitis","volume":"143","author":"Kim","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117885","article-title":"Clostridium difficile toxin b is more potent than toxin a in damaging human colonic epithelium in vitro","volume":"95","author":"Riegler","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-06272-2_4","article-title":"Cytotoxic effects of the clostridium difficile toxins","volume":"250","author":"Thelestam","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1086\/501368","article-title":"Binary toxin-producing, large clostridial toxin-negative clostridium difficile strains are enterotoxic but do not cause disease in hamsters","volume":"193","author":"Geric","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2164","article-title":"Clostridium difficile infection: new developments in epidemiology and pathogenesis","volume":"7","author":"Rupnik","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0707500","article-title":"Clostridium difficile\u2013more difficult than ever","volume":"359","author":"Kelly","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2442","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa051639","article-title":"A predominantly clonal multi-institutional outbreak of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality","volume":"353","author":"Loo","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1086\/651706","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the society for healthcare epidemiology of America (shea) and the infectious diseases society of America (IDSA)","volume":"31","author":"Cohen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00082-09","article-title":"The changing epidemiology of clostridium difficile infections","volume":"23","author":"Freeman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1721335","article-title":"Pcr ribotypes of clostridioides difficile across texas from 2011 to 2018 including emergence of ribotype 255","volume":"9","author":"Gonzales-Luna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect."},{"key":"B13","first-page":"63","article-title":"Clostridium difficile infection in Europe: a hospital-based survey","volume-title":"Lancet.","author":"Bauer","year":"2011"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37865","DOI":"10.1038\/srep37865","article-title":"The incidence and drug resistance of clostridium difficile infection in mainland China: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.068668-0","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of clostridium difficile in a tertiary hospital of China","volume":"63","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2009.09.012","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in clostridium difficile","volume":"34","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01621","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of clostridium difficile isolates from a university teaching hospital in China","volume":"7","author":"Cheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Microbiol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2010.68","article-title":"molecular typing methods on clostridium difficile and their application","volume":"32","author":"Yan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01613-08","article-title":"Comparison of a commercial real-time PCR assay for tcdB detection to a cell culture cytotoxicity assay and toxigenic culture for direct detection of toxin-producing clostridium difficile in clinical samples","volume":"47","author":"Stamper","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2017.06.023","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of clostridium perfringens and clostridium difficile in dogs and cats attended in diverse veterinary clinics from the madrid region","volume":"48","author":"\u00c1lvarez-P\u00e9rez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anaerobe."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1206.060115","article-title":"Epidemic clostridium difficile strain in hospital visitation dog","volume":"12","author":"Lefebvre","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.056473-0","article-title":"Presence of clostridium difficile PCR ribotype clusters related to 033, 078 and 045 in diarrhoeic calves in Germany","volume":"62","author":"Schneeberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268809991312","article-title":"Evaluation of clostridium difficile in dogs and the household environment","volume":"138","author":"Weese","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2016.178","article-title":"Household transmission of clostridium difficile to family members and domestic pets","volume":"37","author":"Loo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01611-12","article-title":"Both fidaxomicin and vancomycin inhibit outgrowth of clostridium difficile spores","volume":"57","author":"Allen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-016-3013-8","article-title":"Hospital acquired clostridium difficile infection in pediatric wards: a retrospective case-control study","volume":"5","author":"Karaaslan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Springerplus."},{"key":"B27","first-page":"125","article-title":"Clostridium difficile infection perceptions and practices: a multicenter qualitative study in south Africa","volume-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control.","author":"Legenza","year":"2018"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2020.102317","article-title":"Dogs are carriers of Clostridioides difficile lineages associated with human community-acquired infections","volume":"67","author":"Bj\u00f6ersdorff","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anaerobe."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01796-09","article-title":"Multilocus sequence typing of clostridium difficile","volume":"48","author":"Griffiths","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2018.04.011","article-title":"Use of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry to identify MLST clade 4 clostridium difficile isolates","volume":"92","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e144604","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144604","article-title":"The role of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) testing assay in the diagnosis of clostridium difficile infections: a high sensitive screening test and an essential step in the proposed laboratory diagnosis workflow for developing countries like China","volume":"10","author":"Cheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1006\/mcpr.1994.1066","article-title":"Specific detection of Clostridium difficile toxin a gene sequences in clinical isolates","volume":"8","author":"Tang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mol Cell Probes."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2008.02092.x","article-title":"New multiplex pcr method for the detection of Clostridium difficile toxin a (tcda) and toxin b (tcdb) and the binary toxin (cdta\/cdtb) genes applied to a danish strain collection","volume":"14","author":"Persson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01599-06","volume":"45","author":"Curry","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tcdc"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.47476-0","article-title":"Characterization of clinical clostridium difficile isolates by PCR ribotyping and detection of toxin genes in austria, 2006-2007","volume":"57","author":"Indra","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol."},{"key":"B36","unstructured":"Methods for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria; approved standard eighth edition. DocumentM11-A8Clinical and laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, PA2012"},{"key":"B37","unstructured":"Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing;27th edWayne, PACLSI supplement M1002017"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-016-2708-0","article-title":"Nosocomial transmission of clostridium difficile Ribotype 027 in a Chinese hospital, 2012-2014, traced by whole genome sequencing","volume":"17","author":"Jia","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Genomics."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2505","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01765-07","article-title":"Bile salts and glycine as cogerminants for clostridium difficile spores","volume":"190","author":"Sorg","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Bacteriol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.053256-0","article-title":"Comparison of two matrix-assisted laser desorption\/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry methods and api 20an for identification of clinically relevant anaerobic bacteria","volume":"62","author":"Jamal","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-3678-z","article-title":"Prevalence, genotype and antimicrobial resistance of clostridium difficile isolates from healthy pets in eastern China","volume":"19","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01898-16","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of clostridium difficile infection in hospitalized patients in eastern China","volume":"55","author":"Jin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19183","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.14.16.19183-en","article-title":"Outbreak of clostridium difficile 027 in north Zealand, Denmark, 2008-2009","volume":"14","author":"Bacci","year":"2009","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy149","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for clostridium difficile infection in adults and children: 2017 update by the infectious diseases society of America (IDSA) and society for healthcare epidemiology of America (shea)","volume":"66","author":"McDonald","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105981","article-title":"The TcdA-negative and tcdB-positive clostridium difficile st81 clone exhibits a high level of resistance to fluoroquinolones: a multi-Centre study in Beijing, China","volume":"56","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001061","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001061","article-title":"Variations in Tcdb activity and the hypervirulence of emerging strains of clostridium difficile","volume":"6","author":"Lanis","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2002.tb02383.x","article-title":"Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of clostridium perfringens and clostridium difficile in diarrheic and healthy dogs","volume":"16","author":"Marks","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.11.013","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for clostridium difficile colonization in dogs and cats hospitalized in an intensive care unit","volume":"129","author":"Clooten","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879300500122","article-title":"Clostridium difficile associated with typhlocolitis in an adult horse","volume":"5","author":"Perrin","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12613","article-title":"Clostridium difficile shedding by healthy dogs in Nigeria and Malawi","volume":"66","author":"Weese","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2012.08.002","article-title":"Prevalence and distribution of Clostridium difficile PCR ribotypes in cats and dogs from animal shelters in Thuringia, Germany","volume":"18","author":"Schneeberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anaerobe."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2012.03853.x","article-title":"Clostridium difficile infection in the community: a zoonotic disease?","volume":"18","author":"Hensgens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-55-23","article-title":"Clostridium difficile in Faeces from healthy dogs and dogs with diarrhea","volume":"55","author":"Wetterwik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2015.09.006","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of clostridium difficile from pet dogs in Assam, India","volume":"36","author":"Hussain","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anaerobe."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0300-x","article-title":"Clostridium difficile toxins induce vegf-a and vascular permeability to promote disease pathogenesis","volume":"4","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e193411","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193411","article-title":"The zoonotic potential of Clostridium difficile from small companion animals and their owners","volume":"13","author":"Rabold","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12374","article-title":"Recreational sandboxes for children and dogs can be a source of epidemic ribotypes of Clostridium difficile","volume":"65","author":"Orden","year":"2018","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1402-7","article-title":"Preliminary studies on isolates of Clostridium difficile from dogs and exotic pets","volume":"14","author":"Andres-Lasheras","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-12-48","article-title":"Clostridium difficile genotypes other than ribotype 078 that are prevalent among human, animal and environmental isolates","volume":"12","author":"Janezic","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-14-173","article-title":"International Clostridium difficile animal strain collection and large diversity of animal associated strains","volume":"14","author":"Janezic","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67420-X","article-title":"Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe","volume":"366","author":"Warny","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.234.11.1404","article-title":"Incidence of acquisition of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium difficile, and other health-care-associated pathogens by dogs that participate in animal-assisted interventions","volume":"234","author":"Lefebvre","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2013.4","article-title":"Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Clostridium difficile infections","volume":"108","author":"Surawicz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e32833229ce","article-title":"Clostridium difficile: controversies and approaches to management","volume":"22","author":"Bauer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2015.11.002","article-title":"Diagnostic testing for Clostridium difficile in Italian microbiological laboratories","volume":"37","author":"Spigaglia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anaerobe."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e212965","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0212965","article-title":"The first isolation of Clostridium difficile rt078\/st11 from pigs in China","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2016.12.008","article-title":"Isolation of Clostridium difficile from dogs with digestive disorders, including stable metronidazole-resistant strains","volume":"43","author":"Orden","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anaerobe."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.1032945\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T03:15:12Z","timestamp":1668741312000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.1032945\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]]},"references-count":67,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2022.1032945"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.1032945","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]]},"article-number":"1032945"}}