{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:37:18Z","timestamp":1783471038709,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008968","name":"National Research Council Sri Lanka","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRC18-079"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRC18-079"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Burkholderia pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> is the causative agent of the potentially fatal infection, melioidosis. This study provides the first evidence for the presence of <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> in soil and water in Sri Lanka. Targeted sampling of soil and natural water sources was done between November 2019 and October 2020 over eight field visits encompassing the neighborhood of 28 culture and\/or antibody-positive melioidosis patients in northwestern, western and southern Sri Lanka. A total of eight environmental isolates of <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> (BPs-env1 to BPs-env8) were cultured from 116 soil and 117 natural water samples collected from 72 locations. The presence of <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> in soil and natural water in these areas poses a risk of melioidosis for populations cultivating crops in such soils and using untreated water from these sources for drinking, bathing, and other domestic purposes. Identifying sites positive for <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> may help to mitigate risk by raising public awareness of contaminated environmental sources and allowing soil and water remediation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1045088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T16:51:02Z","timestamp":1673974262000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Burkholderia pseudomallei in soil and natural water bodies in rural Sri Lanka: A hidden threat to public health"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Himali S.","family":"Jayasinghearachchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thilini A.","family":"Muthugama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayanthi","family":"Masakorala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Upeksha S.","family":"Kulasekara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kumari","family":"Jayaratne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. A. Dasun N.","family":"Jayatunga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aruna D.","family":"De Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enoka M.","family":"Corea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00006","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00006-19","article-title":"Human melioidosis","volume":"33","author":"Gassiep","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2072","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002072","article-title":"Activities of daily living associated with acquisition of melioidosis in northeast Thailand: a matched case-control study","volume":"7","author":"Limmathurotsakul","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed3010022","article-title":"Melioidosis in Sri Lanka","volume":"3","author":"Corea","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8674","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26684-y","article-title":"Rivers as carriers and potential sentinels for Burkholderia pseudomallei in Laos","volume":"8","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1707.100614","article-title":"Burkholderia pseudomallei in unchlorinated domestic bore water, Tropical Northern Australia","volume":"17","author":"Mayo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1086\/313479","article-title":"Melioidosis in Southern Vietnam: clinical surveillance and environmental sampling","volume":"29","author":"Parry","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268804002663","article-title":"Preliminary report on the northern Australian melioidosis environmental surveillance project","volume":"132","author":"Inglis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01953-08","article-title":"Environmental isolates of Burkholderia pseudomallei in Cear\u00e1 State, northeastern Brazil","volume":"75","author":"Rolim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-86702009000100013","article-title":"The public health implications of melioidosis","volume":"13","author":"Inglis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Braz J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0009917","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009917","article-title":"Biogeography and genetic diversity of clinical isolates of Burkholderia pseudomallei in Sri Lanka","volume":"15","author":"Jayasinghearachchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2955","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2711.210219","article-title":"Nonclonal Burkholderia pseudomallei population in melioidosis case cluster, Sri Lanka","volume":"27","author":"Jayasinghearachchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03453-14","article-title":"Tracing melioidosis back to the source: using whole-genome sequencing to investigate an outbreak originating from a contaminated domestic water supply","volume":"53","author":"McRobb","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2111.141802","article-title":"Use of whole-genome sequencing to link Burkholderia pseudomallei from air sampling to mediastinal melioidosis, Australia","volume":"21","author":"Currie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9044","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01264-07","article-title":"A horizontal gene transfer event defines two distinct groups within Burkholderia pseudomallei that have dissimilar geographic distributions","volume":"189","author":"Tuanyok","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Bacteriol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e91682","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0091682","article-title":"Variable virulence factors in Burkholderia pseudomallei (melioidosis) associated with human disease","volume":"9","author":"Sarovich","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1453","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001453","article-title":"The genetic and molecular basis of O-antigenic diversity in Burkholderia pseudomallei lipopolysaccharide","volume":"6","author":"Tuanyok","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2105","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002105","article-title":"Systematic review and consensus guidelines for environmental sampling of Burkholderia pseudomallei","volume":"7","author":"Limmathurotsakul","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.4038\/jccp.v52i1.7929","article-title":"Cluster of cases of pulmonary melioidosis presenting as acute fulminant pneumonia in the East of Sri Lanka","volume":"52","author":"Jayaweera","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Ceylon Coll Phys."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0138953","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138953","article-title":"Environmental attributes influencing the distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei in Northern Australia","volume":"10","author":"Baker","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.3109\/00313027909061954","article-title":"An improved screening technique for isolation of Pseudomonas pseudomallei from clinical specimens","volume":"11","author":"Ashdown","year":"1979","journal-title":"Pathology."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652006000500001","article-title":"PCR-based identification of Burkholderia pseudomallei","volume":"48","author":"Merritt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00645","DOI":"10.1128\/MRA.00645-19","article-title":"Whole-genome sequences of eight clinical isolates of Burkholderia pseudomallei from melioidosis patients in eastern Sri Lanka","volume":"8","author":"Jayasinghearachchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiol Resour Announc."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.66.759","article-title":"Short report: a rapid method for the differentiation of Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia thailandensis","volume":"66","author":"Wuthiekanun","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.5.2068-2079.2003","article-title":"Multilocus sequence typing and evolutionary relationships among the causative agents of melioidosis and glanders, Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei","volume":"41","author":"Godoy","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6865","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01036-06","article-title":"Environmental factors that affect the survival and persistence of Burkholderia pseudomallei","volume":"72","author":"Inglis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"B26","first-page":"951","article-title":"Detection of Burkholderia pseudomallei from post-flood soil samples in Kelantan, Malaysia","volume":"47","author":"Shaharudin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s40475-017-0124-4","article-title":"The role of climate in the epidemiology of melioidosis","volume":"4","author":"Merritt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Trop Med Rep."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-7-78","article-title":"Phylogeographic reconstruction of a bacterial species with high levels of lateral gene transfer","volume":"7","author":"Pearson","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Biol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01720-09","article-title":"Distribution of melioidosis cases and viable Burkholderia pseudomallei in soil: evidence for emerging melioidosis in Taiwan","volume":"48","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1186\/2193-1801-3-438","article-title":"Isolation, identification and characterization of Burkholderia pseudomallei from soil of coastal region of India","volume":"16","author":"Prakash","year":"2014","journal-title":"Springerplus."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.65.177","article-title":"A cluster of melioidosis cases from an endemic region is clonal and is linked to the water supply using molecular typing of Burkholderia pseudomallei isolates","volume":"65","author":"Currie","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0007348","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007348","article-title":"Prevalence and genetic diversity of Burkholderia pseudomallei isolates in the environment near a patient's residence in Northeast Thailand","volume":"13","author":"Seng","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.1045088\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T16:51:05Z","timestamp":1673974265000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.1045088\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"references-count":32,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2022.1045088"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.1045088","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"article-number":"1045088"}}