{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T20:14:23Z","timestamp":1789762463107,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of palm kernel cake as an alternative to conventional ingredients, due to the presence of residual fat, can also reduce methane emissions. The objective of the study was to evaluate, in two different experiments, the effects of palm kernel cake supplementation on feed intake, enteric methane production and estimates, and the ingestive behavior of buffaloes in the Amazon biome. In experiment 1, to evaluate feed intake, methane production, and feed efficiency, 20 crossbred females, dry and empty, with a mean age of 34 months and an initial body weight of 514 \u00b1 69 kg, were supplemented with palm kernel cake for 60 days. The supply was calculated in relation to body weight (BW) in four treatments: 0% (control); 0.25, 0.50, and 1% of palm kernel cake, distributed in a completely randomized design. In experiment 2, to evaluate the ingestive behavior, 24 mixed-breed, dry, and non-pregnant buffaloes supplemented with palm kernel cake were evaluated in the less rainy season (LR) and the wettest season (WS) of the eastern Amazon, distributed in a completely randomized in the same treatments as experiment 1. The inclusion of palm kernel cake in the supplementation increased the feed intake of dry matter and components (MM, OM, CP, NDF, ADF, and EE) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01), reducing the production of enteric methane intake (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01), the ratio per kg of meat produced (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01) and feed efficiency (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01), and influenced the ingestive behavior (time grazing, rumination, and idleness) during the day. We suggest that further research be carried out to verify the results and improve the use of this co-product as a methanogenesis mitigator.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1053005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T08:24:40Z","timestamp":1671611080000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Feed intake, emission of enteric methane and estimates, feed efficiency, and ingestive behavior in buffaloes supplemented with palm kernel cake in the Amazon biome"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Maria do","family":"Amaral J\u00fanior","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucieta Guerreiro","family":"Martorano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamim de Souza","family":"Nah\u00fam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vin\u00edcius Costa Gomes","family":"de Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciano Fernandes","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomaz Cyro Guimar\u00e3es de Carvalho","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamile Andr\u00e9a Rodrigues","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Artur Luiz","family":"da Costa Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 de Brito","family":"Louren\u00e7o J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Berndt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9 Guimar\u00e3es Maciele","family":"e Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10061004","article-title":"A review of enteric methane emission measurement techniques in ruminants","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9297","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2022-22091","article-title":"Invited review: current enteric methane mitigation options","volume":"105","author":"Beauchemin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/425\/1\/012010","article-title":"Evaluation of agro-industrial by products as potential local feed for ruminant animals: volatile fatty acid and NH3 concentration, gas production and methane emission","author":"Pratama","year":"2020","journal-title":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, Vol. 425"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"s295","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731118002252","article-title":"Alternative and novel feeds for ruminants: nutritive value, product quality and environmental aspects","volume":"12","author":"Halmemies-Beauchet-Filleau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Animal."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17386","article-title":"Effects of agroindustrial by-product supplementation on dairy goat milk characteristics, nutrient utilization, ruminal fermentation, and methane production","volume":"103","author":"Marcos","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-021-02893-y","article-title":"Palm kernel cake in high-concentrate diets for feedlot goat kids: nutrient intake, digestibility, feeding behavior, nitrogen balance, blood metabolites, and performance","volume":"53","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop Animal Health Prod"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9110918","article-title":"High fiber cakes from mediterranean multipurpose oilseeds as protein sources for ruminants","volume":"9","author":"Serrapica","year":"2019","journal-title":"Animals."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2018.05.014","article-title":"Palm kernel cake from the biodiesel industry in goat kid diets. 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