{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T13:23:44Z","timestamp":1788096224936,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inhalational anesthesia is routinely used in small animal surgery. Selecting a suitable drug combination is vital since it may negatively affect the patient's physiological condition. We conducted this study to examine the sparing effect of butorphanol\u2013lidocaine (BUT\u2013LID) and tramadol\u2013lidocaine (TRM\u2013LID) on sevoflurane's minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) in 10 healthy mongrel dogs aged 1\u20132 years and weighing 11.5 \u00b1 0.8 kg (mean \u00b1 SD). Sevoflurane's MAC was measured on three separate occasions. The three dog treatment groups were control (CONT) anesthetized only with sevoflurane, TRM\u2013LID (TRM, i.v. 1.5 mg kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, then 1.3 mg kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>h<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>and LID, i.v. 2 mg kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, then 3 mg kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>h<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) or BUT\u2013LID treatment (BUT, i.v. 0.1 mg kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>then 0.2 mg kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>h<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>and LID, i.v. 2 mg kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, then 3 mg kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>h<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>). We hypothesized that both TRM\u2013LID and BUT\u2013LID would result in a significant MAC sparing effect in healthy dogs. The TRM\u2013LID treatment resulted in a non-significant MAC reduction. MAC was lowered significantly in the BUT\u2013LID group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>= 0.009). The sevoflurane MAC-sparing effects of TRM\u2013LID and BUT\u2013LID treatments were 7.05 \u00b1 22.20 and 19.90 \u00b1 5.91%, respectively, a difference that was not statistically significant (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>= 0.13). Bradycardia was observed in the TRM\u2013LID (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt; 0.001) treatment. The esophageal temperature was significantly higher for the TRM\u2013LID treatment than the CONT (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt; 0.001) treatment. No statistically significant changes were detected between the three groups in<jats:italic>f<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>R<\/jats:sub>, P<jats:sc>e<\/jats:sc>\u2032CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, and MABP. In conclusion, there was a significant sparing effect after adding BUT\u2013LID co-infusion than the control group. No sparing effect was noticed when adding TRM\u2013LID co-infusion. However, no difference in the MAC sparing percentages between the TRM\u2013LID and BUT\u2013LID treatments. The BUT\u2013LID co-infusion resulted in a sevoflurane MAC reduction superior to TRM\u2013LID in addition to minimal cardiorespiratory changes. Both BUT-LID and TRM-LID may be clinically beneficial to dogs during anesthesia. However, BUT-LID produced higher sparing effect and reduction of sevoflurane MAC value.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1057580","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T06:12:06Z","timestamp":1673503926000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A randomized crossover study of the effect of butorphanol\u2013lidocaine and tramadol\u2013lidocaine on sevoflurane's minimum alveolar concentration in dogs"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Marzok","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adel 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