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Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV-3) and coronaviruses (CoV) are commonly found in respiratory tracts of ruminants and capable of causing clinical disease. Here, we investigated the cause of ill-thrift and sudden death in a five-month-old male fallow deer which occurred in December 2019. The calf was one of the five calves in a herd of 170 deer that, along with three adult hinds, died during a 2-week period. The deer calves were in a shed, sharing airspace with young cattle that had been reported to be coughing. Significant gross pathology was observed in the respiratory and alimentary tracts of the deer calf and histopathology of the lung and trachea was suggestive of likely involvement of PIV-3. Strong and specific cytoplasmic labeling of bronchiolar epithelium and terminal airway, alike those seen with PIV-3 pneumonia in cattle, was observed using a polyclonal bovine PIV-3 antibody. Metagenomic analysis detected a PIV-3 and a CoV in the lung tissue. The PIV-3 L protein gene had the highest sequence identity with those of bovine PIV-3 (83.1 to 98.4%) and phylogenetically clustered with bovine PIV-3 in the genotype C. The CoV spike protein gene shared 96.7% to 97.9% sequence identity with those of bovine CoVs, but only 53.1% identity with SARS-CoV-2 reference virus. We believe this is the first report of PIV-3 and CoV co-infection in fallow deer and their association with fatal pneumonia; major pathology caused by PIV-3.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1059681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]],"date-time":"2022-12-06T07:18:37Z","timestamp":1670311117000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Parainfluenza and corona viruses in a fallow deer (Dama dama) with fatal respiratory disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Akbar","family":"Dastjerdi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Floyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Swinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Barber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Wight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.78.2.239","article-title":"Serologic survey for antibodies against three genotypes of bovine parainfluenza 3 virus in unvaccinated ungulates in Alabama","volume":"78","author":"Newcomer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9975(70)90060-5","article-title":"Comparative pathology of lambs and calves infected with parainfluenza virus type-3","volume":"80","author":"Stevenson","year":"1970","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-021-03211-6","article-title":"Pathological study and detection of Bovine parainfluenza 3 virus in pneumonic sheep lungs using direct immunofluorescence antibody technique","volume":"3","author":"Baghezza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comp Clin Path."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-8-83","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 from water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in Argentina","volume":"20","author":"Maidana","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890060209","article-title":"Human infection by a bovine strain of parainfluenza virus type 3","volume":"6","author":"Ben-Ishai","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Med Virol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-13.1.74","article-title":"Viruses isolated from captive and free-ranging wild ruminants in Alberta","volume":"13","author":"Thorsen","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199608000-00003","article-title":"Evaluation of a live attenuated bovine parainfluenza type 3 vaccine in two- to six-month-old infants","volume":"15","author":"Karron","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-016-3215-y","article-title":"50 years of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses: progress and prospects","volume":"162","author":"Adams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Virol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001328","article-title":"ICTV Report Consortium. 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