{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T15:27:26Z","timestamp":1793806046501,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Third-world countries have a higher prevalence of food-related disorders than developed nations. Millions of people in underdeveloped countries are seriously at risk from the potential water supply contamination with protozoan diseases. <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic> is one of the important protozoans causing diseases in livestock and humans. Despite the standard tests for diagnosing this parasite and different treatment methods, the spread of these parasites is uncontrollable and rising every year due to other management disorders. In this review, we summarize etiopathogenesis and prevalence in Pakistan. We looked for papers reporting the seroprevalence of <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> in people and animals between 2000 and 2022 in different databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web of Science. Data on the seroprevalence of <jats:italic>T. gondi<\/jats:italic>i in Pakistan's domestic animals (sheep and goats, horses, donkeys, mules, cattle, and buffaloes), domestic pets (cats and dogs), poultry and rodents, and humans were gathered. According to the findings, sheep had an estimated pooled seroprevalence of <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> that varied from 11.20 to 26.50 %, and goats from 24.50 to 38.40%. Whereas in buffalo the opposite trend was followed, and the prevalence was observed is 0% in 2022, in horses, donkeys, and mules, only one study was reported according to which a high prevalence was observed in mules (28.60%) followed by donkeys (23.50%) and horses (23.50%), in cats 38.5% prevalence was observed in a recent study and in dogs 28.43% observed, and in humans from 22 to 60%. Human beings are found to be the most affected species showing high prevalence among all. According to our findings, animals and pets not only serve as a reservoir for the parasite but also serve as a direct route for human infection with <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>. The diagnostic techniques used in the observed studies were mostly serological testing whereas only a few studies have only been observed with molecular testing. To know the exact pattern of the disease for its control, the trend of molecular and advanced testing should be adopted as it is more reliable. Moreover, to decrease the transmission chances of <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> to humans, it is crucial to manage <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> infections in non-human species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1080139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T07:31:42Z","timestamp":1674027102000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A review of foodborne Toxoplasma gondii with a special focus on its prevalence in Pakistan from 2000 to 2022"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Warda","family":"Qamar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah F.","family":"Alsayeqh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Foodborne health issues and their relevance to Pakistani Society23551\n            JavedA\n          Am Acad Sci Res J Eng Technol Sci.262016"},{"key":"B2","volume-title":"Multicriteria-based ranking for risk management of food-born parasites","year":"2014"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.29261\/pakvetj\/2021.026","article-title":"Ovicidal potential of five different essential oils to control gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep","volume":"41","author":"Strbac","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pak Vet J."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04199-8","article-title":"Echinococcus granulosus (sensu stricto)(G1, G3) and E. ortleppi (G5) in Pakistan: phylogeny, genetic diversity and population structural analysis based on mitochondrial DNA","volume":"13","author":"Alvi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.29261\/pakvetj\/2022.040","article-title":"Anti-parasitic applications of nanoparticles: a review","volume":"42","author":"Kandeel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pak Vet J"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.29261\/pakvetj\/2022.008","article-title":"Prevalence and associated risk factors of cystic echinococcosis in food animals\u2013a neglected and prevailing zoonosis","volume":"42","author":"Mahmood","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pak Vet J"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2020.11.007","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis: stages of the protozoan life cycle and risk assessment in humans and animals for an enhanced awareness and an improved socio-economic status","volume":"28","author":"Al-Malki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi J Biol Sci"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2013.06.007","article-title":"Parasite zoonoses and wildlife: one health, spillover and human activity","volume":"43","author":"Thompson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001920","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001920","article-title":"World Health Organization estimates of the global and regional disease burden of 11 foodborne parasitic diseases, 2010: a data synthesis","volume":"12","author":"Torgerson","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2019.07.002","article-title":"Foodborne parasites in Europe: present status and future trends","volume":"35","author":"Trevisan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.2174\/1872213X13666190618124901","article-title":"Giardiasis: an overview","volume":"13","author":"Leung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Recent Pat Inflamm Allergy Drug Discov"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2020.10.019","article-title":"Foodborne transmission of Toxoplasma gondii infection in the last decade. 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