{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T18:07:32Z","timestamp":1793124452273,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) are associated with increased mortality, morbidity, and an economic burden due to costs associated with extended hospital stays. Furthermore, most pathogens associated with HAIs in veterinary medicine are zoonotic. This study used published data to identify organisms associated with HAIs and zoonosis in veterinary medicine. Furthermore, the study also investigated the antimicrobial-susceptibility profile of these bacterial organisms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A systematic literature review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Search terms and five electronic databases were used to identify studies published over 20 years (2000\u20132020). The risk of bias was assessed using the \u201cStrengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology-Vet\u201d (STROBE-Vet) checklist.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Out of the identified 628 papers, 27 met the inclusion criteria for this study. Most studies (63%, 17\/27) included were either from small animal or companion animal clinics\/hospitals, while 5% (4\/27) were from large animal clinics\/hospitals inclusive of bovine and equine hospitals. Hospital-acquired bacteria were reported from environmental surfaces (33%, 9\/27), animal clinical cases (29.6%, 8\/27), and fomites such as cell phones, clippers, stethoscopes, and computers (14.8%, 4\/27).<jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>spp. was the most (63%; 17\/27) reported organism, followed by<jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>(19%; 5\/27),<jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>spp. (15%, 4\/27),<jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>spp. (15%; 4\/27),<jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>(15%, 4\/27),<jats:italic>Clostridioides difficile<\/jats:italic>(4%, 1\/27), and<jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>(4%; 1\/27). Multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms were reported in 71% (12\/17) of studies linked to Methicillin-resistant<jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>(MRSA), Methicillin-resistant<jats:italic>Staphylococcus pseudintermedius<\/jats:italic>(MRSP),<jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>spp.,<jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>Typhimurium<jats:italic>, A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>. The<jats:italic>mec<\/jats:italic>A gene was identified in both MRSA and MRSP, the<jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>CMY-2 gene in<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>spp., and the<jats:italic>van<\/jats:italic>A gene in<jats:italic>E. faecium<\/jats:italic>isolate. Six studies reported organisms from animals with similar clonal lineage to those reported in human isolates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Organisms associated with hospital-acquired infections and zoonosis have been reported from clinical cases, environmental surfaces, and items used during patient treatment and care.<jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>species is the most reported organism in cases of HAIs and some isolates shared similar clonal lineage to those reported in humans. Some organisms associated with HAIs exhibit a high level of resistance and contain genes associated with antibiotic resistance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1087052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]],"date-time":"2023-01-10T12:51:51Z","timestamp":1673355111000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Hospital-acquired and zoonotic bacteria from a veterinary hospital and their associated antimicrobial-susceptibility profiles: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Dikeledi C.","family":"Sebola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James W.","family":"Oguttu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marleen 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