{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T19:30:25Z","timestamp":1792956625950,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]],"date-time":"2022-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of the experiment was to investigate the effects of a probiotic complex (PC) consisting of <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis, Clostridium butyricum<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic> on productive performance, carcass traits, immune organ indices, fecal microbiota counts and noxious gas emissions in AA+ male broilers. Three hundred and sixty 1-day-old AA+ male broilers with similar body weight (44.77 \u00b1 0.25) were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups of 6 replicates each, with 20 broilers in each replicate. The experimental groups consisted of a group fed a basal diet and groups fed basal diet supplemented with 0.1 and 0.2% PC. The results showed that the addition of PC had no significant effect (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;gt; 0.05) on growth performance, and carcass traits of AA+ broilers during the experimental period (1\u201342 days of age). Dietary addition of PC significantly increased the thymus index of AA+ broilers (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05), reduced the number of <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> in feces (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01) and reduced the concentrations of fecal NH<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> and H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>S emissions (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01). Furthermore, birds fed 0.2% PC diet had the highest number of fecal <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> counts. Results indicate that probiotic complex consisting of <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis, Clostridium butyricum<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic> enhances immune organ development, reduces the number of <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> in feces, increases the number of <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> and reduces NH<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> and H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>S emissions in feces. This trial provides a theoretical basis for the use of probiotic complexes in broiler production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1098807","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]],"date-time":"2022-12-15T06:25:30Z","timestamp":1671085530000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Effect of multi-strain probiotics on the performance of AA+ male 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