{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T13:34:12Z","timestamp":1789652052290,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Infectious bursal disease virus is the causative agent of infectious bursal disease (Gumboro disease), a highly contagious immunosuppressive disease of chicken with a substantial economic impact on small- and large-scale poultry industries worldwide. Currently, live attenuated vaccines are widely used to control the disease in chickens despite their issues with safety (immunosuppression and bursal atrophy) and efficiency (breaking through the maternally-derived antibody titer). To overcome the drawbacks, the current study has, for the first time, attempted to construct a computational model of a multiepitope based vaccine candidate against infectious bursal disease virus, which has the potential to overcome the safety and protection issues found in the existing live-attenuated vaccines. The current study used a reverse vaccinology based immunoinformatics approach to construct the vaccine candidate using major and minor capsid proteins of the virus, VP2 and VP3, respectively. The vaccine construct was composed of four CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    epitopes, seven CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T-cell epitopes, 11 B-cell epitopes and a Cholera Toxin B adjuvant, connected using appropriate flexible peptide linkers. The vaccine construct was evaluated as antigenic with VaxiJen Score of 0.6781, immunogenic with IEDB score of 2.89887 and non-allergenic. The 55.64 kDa construct was further evaluated for its physicochemical characteristics, which revealed that it was stable with an instability index of 16.24, basic with theoretical pI of 9.24, thermostable with aliphatic index of 86.72 and hydrophilic with GRAVY score of \u22120.256. The docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies of the vaccine construct with Toll-like receptor-3 revealed fair structural interaction (binding affinity of \u2212295.94 kcal\/mol) and complex stability. Further, the predicted induction of antibodies and cytokines by the vaccine construct indicated the possible elicitation of the host's immune response against the virus. The work is a significant attempt to develop next-generation vaccines against the infectious bursal disease virus though further experimental studies are required to assess the efficacy and protectivity of the proposed vaccine candidate\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1116400","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T00:35:36Z","timestamp":1673570136000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["A multiepitope vaccine candidate against infectious bursal disease virus using immunoinformatics-based reverse vaccinology approach"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Irfan","family":"Gul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amreena","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan Mohd","family":"Muneeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Towseef","family":"Akram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ehtishamul","family":"Haq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riaz Ahmad","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nazir Ahmad","family":"Ganai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed Mudasir","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naveed Anjum","family":"Chikan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadeem","family":"Shabir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1080\/03079458008418423","article-title":"Isolation and serological studies with infectious bursal disease viruses from fowl, turkeys and ducks: demonstration of a second serotype","volume":"9","author":"McFerran","year":"1980","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.2307\/1589875","article-title":"Characteristics and serologic studies of two serotypes of infectious bursal disease virus in turkeys","volume":"26","author":"Jackwood","year":"1982","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.27.2.364-367.1980","article-title":"Significance of bursa of Fabricius as target organ in infectious bursal disease of chickens","volume":"27","author":"K\u00e4ufer","year":"1980","journal-title":"Infect Immun."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.32.2.593-605.1979","article-title":"Biophysical and biochemical characterization of five animal viruses with bisegmented double-stranded RNA genomes","volume":"32","author":"Dobos","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Virol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-69-8-1757","article-title":"Biochemistry and immunology of infectious bursal disease virus","volume":"69","author":"Kibenge","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.71.1.325-330.1997","article-title":"Stel'Mashchuk VY, Perevozchikova NA, Borisov AV, Crowther RA. 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