{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T17:28:37Z","timestamp":1793294917116,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]],"date-time":"2022-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>An evaluation of the patterns of antimicrobial use in livestock can help understand the increasing level of antimicrobial resistance worldwide. This study aimed at evaluating antimicrobial usage in modern layer poultry farms in the West Region of Cameroon. In this light, 70 layer poultry farms and 4 veterinary pharmacies were surveyed. Data on antimicrobial use were collected through interviews using a quantitative-frequency questionnaire and consultation of medical records. The four veterinary pharmacies sold a total of 2.8 tons of antimicrobials (active ingredients) during 2011. At the level of farms, 297 kg of antimicrobials (active ingredients) were used in the 50 layer poultry farms surveyed. Tetracycline, sulfonamides, quinolones, and \u03b2-lactams (aminopenicillins) were the most sold and used drugs in layer farms. As for treatment indication, metaphylactic (58.1%) and prophylactic (41.9%) treatments were the most observed practices, and nearly all (99%) treatments were administered <jats:italic>per os<\/jats:italic> as remedies to respiratory (33.4%) and digestive (24.7%) tract symptoms. Overall, 78.2% of antimicrobials sold in pharmacies and 67.3% used in the farms belonged to the class of critically important antimicrobials of the WHO categorization of antimicrobials according to their importance to human medicine. Doxycycline, sulfonamide, ampicillin, and streptomycin, which have been banned for layer poultry in the production of eggs for human consumption, were still used in Cameroon. The treatment incidences based on the used daily dose (TI<jats:sub>UDD<\/jats:sub>) and animal daily dose (TI<jats:sub>ADD<\/jats:sub>) were 11.59 and 10.45, respectively. In regard to dosage correctness based on the UDD\/ADD ratio, aminoglycosides (100%), macrolides (90.6%), and tetracyclines (74.5%) were the most underdosed, while trimethoprim sulfonamides (45.8%) and \u03b2-lactams (35.7%) were overdosed. This study highlights an irrational antimicrobial usage in layer poultry farms. Regulation of the use of antimicrobials and the education of farmers on adequate antimicrobial use are essential to preserve the effectiveness of drugs in both humans and animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.646484","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]],"date-time":"2022-04-19T11:33:14Z","timestamp":1650367994000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Cross-Sectional Survey of Prophylactic and Metaphylactic Antimicrobial Use in Layer Poultry Farming in Cameroon: A Quantitative Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Mohamed Moctar Mouliom","family":"Mouiche","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank Dupleix Khalen","family":"Wouembe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serge Eugene","family":"Mpouam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Moffo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Djuntu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claude Michel Wombou","family":"Toukam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean Marc Feussom","family":"Kameni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ndode Herman","family":"Okah-Nnane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julius","family":"Awah-Ndukum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"2020"},{"key":"B2","first-page":"208","volume-title":"Annuaire Statistique du Cameroun.","year":"2017"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2017.00197","article-title":"Contaminants in foods of animal origin in Cameroon: a one health vision for risk management \u201cfrom farm to fork","volume":"5","author":"Pouokam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Pub Health."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40550-016-0034-6","article-title":"Antimicrobial usage in the chicken farming in Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon: a cross-sectional study","volume":"3","author":"Kamini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Food Cont."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7450-5","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance from a one health perspective in Cameroon: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Mouiche","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.09.142","article-title":"Challenges of integrated of antimicrobial resistance surveillance in food-producing animal and related public health risks in Cameroon","volume":"101","author":"Moffo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2016.1180668","article-title":"Abusive use of antibiotics in poultry farming in Cameroon and the public health implications","volume":"57","author":"Guetiya Wadoum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br Poult Sci."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10040402","article-title":"Poultry litter contamination by Escherichia coli resistant to critically important antimicrobials for human and animal use and risk for public health in Cameroon","volume":"10","author":"Moffo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antibiotics."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-019-0672-6","article-title":"Antibiotic use in chicken farms in northwestern China","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-018-1591-x","article-title":"Assessment of biosecurity level in small-scale broiler farms in the Western highlands of Cameroon (Central Africa)","volume":"50","author":"Kouam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod."},{"key":"B11","unstructured":"March\u00e9 des m\u00e9dicaments v\u00e9t\u00e9rinaires au cameroun: regl\u00e9mentation, organisation et circuits de distribution591605\n            MouicheMMM\n            MazraM\n            MoffoF\n            MpouamSE\n            NgoujegniAL\n            FeussomKJM\n          Bull Anim Prod Afr.662018"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2012.03.001","article-title":"Prophylactic and metaphylactic antimicrobial use in Belgian fattening pig herds","volume":"106","author":"Callens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med."},{"key":"B13","unstructured":"2011"},{"key":"B14","unstructured":"2020"},{"key":"B15","unstructured":"2018"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2012.02.020","article-title":"Antimicrobial use in Belgian broiler production","volume":"105","author":"Persoons","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2005.10.003","article-title":"Quantification and evaluation of antimicrobial drug use in group treatments for fattening pigs in Belgium","volume":"74","author":"Timmerman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00116","article-title":"Used daily dose vs. defined daily dose\u2014contrasting two different methods to measure antibiotic consumption at the farm level","volume":"6","author":"Kasabova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics5040037","article-title":"Antimicrobial usage and antimicrobial resistance in animal production in Southeast Asia: a review","volume":"5","author":"Nguyen Nhung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antibiotics."},{"key":"B20","first-page":"226","article-title":"Qualit\u00e9 des m\u00e9dicaments v\u00e9t\u00e9rinaires en circulation au Cameroun et au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal","volume":"54","author":"T\u00eako-agbo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dakar M\u00e9d."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"047","DOI":"10.23937\/2474-3658\/1510047","article-title":"A survey of antmicrobial agents usage in poultry farms and antbiotc resistance in Escherichia Coli and Staphylococci isolates from the poultry in ile-ife, Nigeria","volume":"4","author":"Awogbemi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Dis Epidemiol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2017.09.037","article-title":"Salmonella status of table eggs in commercial layer farms in menoua division, west region of Cameroon","volume":"85","author":"Kouam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Control."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2020.06.021","article-title":"Challenges of antimicrobial consumption surveillance in food-producing animals in Sub-Saharan African countries: patterns of antimicrobial imported in Cameroon from 2014 to 2019","volume":"22","author":"Mouiche","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Global Antimicrob Res."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-2043-1","article-title":"Veterinary pharmacovigilance in sub-Sahara Africa context: a pilot study of adverse reactions to veterinary medicine in Cameroon","volume":"15","author":"Mouiche","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2017.05.018","article-title":"Quantitative and qualitative analysis of antimicrobial usage in white veal calves in France","volume":"144","author":"Jarrige","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315497","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1315497","article-title":"Tetracyclines in food and feedingstuffs: from regulation to analytical methods, bacterial resistance, and environmental and health implications","volume":"2017","author":"Chinchilla","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Anal Methods Chem."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.3947\/ic.2014.46.4.226","article-title":"Clinical importance and epidemiology of quinolone resistance","volume":"46","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect Chemother."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1086\/512369","article-title":"Fluroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter species and the withdrawal of fluroquinolone from use in poultry: a public health success story","volume":"44","author":"Nelson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.19182\/remvt.31170","article-title":"Antibiotic use and practices in commercial poultry laying hens in Ogun State Nigeria","volume":"69","author":"Adebowale","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev Elev Med Vet Pays Trop."},{"key":"B30","unstructured":"2020"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.89","article-title":"Consumption of antibacterial molecules in broiler production in Morocco","volume":"4","author":"Rahmatallah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Med Sci."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-019-0671-7","article-title":"An estimation of total antimicrobial usage in humans and animals in Vietnam","volume":"9","author":"Carrique-Mas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3301","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-015-7155-3","article-title":"Microbial analysis of in situ biofilm formation in drinking water distribution systems: implications for monitoring and control of drinking water quality","volume":"100","author":"Douterelo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2018.01.003","article-title":"Trends and patterns of national antimicrobial consumption in Japan from 2004 to 2016","volume":"24","author":"Tsutsui","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2012.1217","article-title":"Effects of therapeutical and reduced levels of antibiotics on the fraction of antibiotic-resistant strains of Escherichia coli in the chicken gut","volume":"10","author":"van der Horst","year":"2013","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6941.12093","article-title":"Impact of subtherapeutic administration of tylosin and chlortetracycline on antimicrobial resistance in farrow-to-finish swine","volume":"85","author":"Holman","year":"2013","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Ecol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00174","article-title":"High-resolution monitoring of antimicrobial consumption in vietnamese small-scale chicken farms highlights discrepancies between study metrics","volume":"6","author":"Van Cuong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2020.105087","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes, practices and risk perception of rural poultry farmers in Cameroon to antimicrobial use and resistance","volume":"182","author":"Moffo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.08.029","article-title":"Relationship between biosecurity and production\/antimicrobial treatment characteristics in pig herds","volume":"198","author":"Laanen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet J."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.646484\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]],"date-time":"2022-04-19T11:33:18Z","timestamp":1650367998000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.646484\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2022.646484"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.646484","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]]},"article-number":"646484"}}