{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T08:32:52Z","timestamp":1791361972642,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]],"date-time":"2022-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study aimed to assess an agreement between established and novel methods to determine laterality and to identify the distribution of laterality in warmbloods and Thoroughbreds. Nine different methods to investigate a horses' laterality outside a riding context and during riding were compared across two groups of horses (sample A: 67 warmblood- type horses, sample B: 61 Thoroughbreds). Agreement between any two methods was assessed by calculating Cohen's kappa with McNemar's test or Bowker's Test of Symmetry, and the deviation from equal distributions was assessed with chi<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>-tests. Continuous variables such as rein tension parameters were analyzed using ANOVA or linear mixed models. Generally, laterality test results obtained outside a riding context did not agree with laterality during riding or among each other (Bonferroni corrected <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;gt; 0.0018). However, the rider's assessment of her\/his horse's laterality allowed conclusions on rein tension symmetry (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.003), and it also agreed substantially with the lateral displacement of the hindquarters (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.0003), a method that was newly developed in the present study. The majority of warmbloods had their hindquarters displaced to the right (73.1%, X<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 14.3; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.0001). The pattern of lateral displacement of the hindquarters was similar in the Thoroughbred sample (right: 60.7%, left: 39.3%), but did not deviate significantly from an equal distribution (X<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 2.8; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;gt; 0.05). Laterality seems to be manifested in different ways, which generally are not related to each other. Attention should be paid to the desired information when selecting methods for the assessment of laterality. Horses' laterality has an impact on the magnitude and symmetry of rein tension. Matching horses and riders according to their laterality might be beneficial for the stability of rein tension and thus improve training.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.789260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]],"date-time":"2022-09-15T11:20:19Z","timestamp":1663240819000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A comparison of different established and novel methods to determine horses' laterality and their relation to rein tension"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Sandra","family":"Kuhnke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uta","family":"K\u00f6nig von Borstel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"Das Rechts-Links-Problem im Tierreich und beim Menschen","author":"Ludwig","year":"1932"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1126\/science.335510","article-title":"Fifty centuries of right-handedness: the historical record","volume":"198","author":"Coren","year":"1977","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B3","volume-title":"Right Hand, Left Hand","author":"McManus","year":"2002"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(02)00003-9","article-title":"Correlates of human handedness in primary motor cortex: a review and hypothesis","volume":"26","author":"Hammond","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2408","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00901.2001","article-title":"Handedness: dominant arm advantages in control of limb dynamics","volume":"88","author":"Bagesteiro","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B6","volume-title":"Horse's laterality: methods of determination, genetic aspects, interaction with human handedness and the influence on horse-rider- communication, horse's muscle","author":"Kuhnke","year":"2020"},{"key":"B7","article-title":"Reitkunst oder gr\u00fcndliche Anweisung zur Kenntni\u00df der Pferde, deren Erziehung, Unterhaltung, Abrichtung, nach ihrem verschiedenen Gebrauch und Bestimmung","author":"de","year":"1733","journal-title":"Olms Verlag, Documenta Hippologica, Reprint"},{"key":"B8","volume-title":"Das Gymnasium des Pferdes","author":"Steinbrecht","year":"1901"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2010.12.008","article-title":"Hand preferences for coordinated bimanual actions in 777 great apes: implications for the evolution of handedness in Hominins","volume":"60","author":"Hopkins","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Hum Evol."},{"key":"B10","first-page":"91","volume-title":"Grasping Techniques and Hand Preferences in Primates; Published in: Hands of Primates.","author":"Christel","year":"1993"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1348\/000712608X304450","article-title":"The distribution of hand preference is discrete: a taxometric examination","volume":"99","author":"Dragovic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Psychol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)01629-7","article-title":"Hand preference and transcranial magnetic stimulation asymmetry of cortical motor representation","volume":"835","author":"Triggs","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.79.4.2149","article-title":"Handedness and asymmetry of hand representation in human motor cortex","volume":"79","author":"Volkmann","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.50.7.870","article-title":"Detection threshold for percutaneous electrical stimuli: asymmetry with respect to handedness","volume":"50","author":"Friedli","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychol."},{"key":"B15","first-page":"51","article-title":"Limb dominance and motor conduction velocity of median and ulnar nerves","volume":"34","author":"Sathiamoorthy","year":"1990","journal-title":"Indian J Physiol Pharmacol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1982.tb06983.x","article-title":"Is muscle structure influenced by genetical or functional factors? 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