{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:29:49Z","timestamp":1787027389568,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]],"date-time":"2022-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646179200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Pseudorabies (PR) is a disease that is seriously endangering the pig industry in China. To understand the current prevalence of pseudorabies virus (PRV) in Shandong Province, China, 19,292 serum samples were collected from 16 locations in Shandong from 2018 to 2020. The\n                    <jats:italic>gE<\/jats:italic>\n                    antibody was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Ninety-seven suspected cases of PRV infection were collected from sick pigs vaccinated with Bartha-K61 to isolate PRV. The results showed that the average positive rate of the PRV\n                    <jats:italic>gE<\/jats:italic>\n                    antibody decreased from 38.20% in 2018 to 18.12% in 2020, but there was a high positive rate in sows. The isolation rate of PRV was 13.40% (13\/97), and four strains were purified through plaque assay (named PRV-SD1, PRV-SD2, PRV-SD3, and PRV-SD4). The homology and genetic evolution of four PRV strains based on\n                    <jats:italic>gE, gC, gI<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>TK<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes were analyzed and showed that these four strains shared more than 99.0% nucleotide homology with the variant PRV XJ5 strain, and they clustered in the same sub-branch with the domestic variant PRV strains, including JS-2012 and XJ5. Furthermore, the pathogenicity of the isolated variant strain was assessed by intranasal infection of 16-week-old pigs with 1 mL PRV-SD1 strain. The results of the animal experiment demonstrated that the PRV-SD1\u2013infected pigs exhibited obvious clinical symptoms as early as 2 days post inoculation (dpi), and all infected pigs died within 1 week. The severe hyperemia of meninges and swelling of lungs and tonsils were observed. Histopathology analysis showed the obvious lymphocytes necrosis of tonsils, interstitial pneumonia, and viral encephalitis. Many positive staining cells were observed in tonsils and brains through immunohistochemistry staining assay. Viral shedding in oropharyngeal and rectal swabs were detected at 2 dpi, reached a peak at 3 dpi, and then gradually decreased. The detection of viral loads in the tissues showed that tonsils had the highest virus titer, further proving it may be the target organ of variant PRV infection. In conclusion, variant PRV strains were still highly prevalent in Shandong Province, and they had a strong pathogenicity in pigs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.806824","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]],"date-time":"2022-03-02T01:40:50Z","timestamp":1646185250000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The Epidemiological Analysis of Pseudorabies Virus and Pathogenicity of the Variant Strain in Shandong Province"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Qinghai","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongwei","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinyuan","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luyao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Song","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2008.03.013","article-title":"Pseudorabies virus infection in mink: a host-specific pathogenesis","volume":"124","author":"Marcaccini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-020-00340-0","article-title":"Current status and challenge of pseudorabies virus infection in China","volume":"36","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virol Sin."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2406.171612","article-title":"Human endophthalmitis caused by pseudorabies virus infection, China, 2017","volume":"24","author":"Ai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.4.2166.2004","article-title":"Complete, annotated sequence of the pseudorabies virus genome","volume":"78","author":"Klupp","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Virol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy731","article-title":"Interspecies transmission, genetic diversity, and evolutionary dynamics of pseudorabies virus","volume":"219","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2016.17.3.361","article-title":"Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of pseudorabies in Shandong province of China","volume":"17","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vet Sci."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1911.130177","article-title":"Pseudorabies virus variant in Bartha-K61-vaccinated pigs, China, 2012","volume":"19","author":"An","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2017.03.013","article-title":"Comparison of pseudorabies virus China reference strain with emerging variants reveals independent virus evolution within specific geographic regions","volume":"506","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virology."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2018.12.016","article-title":"Characterization of a moderately pathogenic pseudorabies virus variant isolated in China, 2014","volume":"68","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638715593599","article-title":"Outbreak of variant pseudorabies virus in Bartha-K61-vaccinated piglets in central Shandong Province, China","volume":"27","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a118408","article-title":"A simple method of estimating fifty per cent endpoints","volume":"27","author":"Reed","year":"1938","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2725","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst197","article-title":"Kumar S. MEGA6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 60","volume":"30","author":"Tamura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.03.094","article-title":"Construction of a triple gene-deleted Chinese pseudorabies virus variant and its efficacy study as a vaccine candidate on suckling piglets","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2013.14.3.363","article-title":"Emergence of virulent pseudorabies virus infection in northern China","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vet Sci."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12827","article-title":"Epidemiological investigation of pseudorabies in Shandong Province from 2013 to 2016","volume":"65","author":"Gu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e36","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2020.21.e36","article-title":"Epidemiological investigation of porcine pseudorabies virus and its coinfection rate in Shandong Province in China from 2015 to 2018","volume":"21","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vet Sci."},{"key":"B17","first-page":"122","article-title":"Epidemiological investigation of the antibody against gE of pseudorabies virus in swine in three provinces in mid-Eastern China from 2018 to 2019","volume":"52","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim Husb Vet Med"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5785","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.5785","article-title":"Epidemiological and genetic characteristics of swine pseudorabies virus in mainland China between 2012 and 2017","volume":"6","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Peer J."},{"key":"B19","first-page":"38","article-title":"Epidemiological situation of swine diseases in 2014 and the epidemiological trend and control strategies in 2015","volume":"32","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Swine Ind Sci."},{"key":"B20","volume-title":"Protection Efficacy of Bartha-k61 Vaccine Strain in Growing Pigs Against Emerging Variant Pseudorabies Virus Challenge and The Preliminary Biological Characteristics of the Variant Pseudorabies Viruses","author":"Zhou","year":"2017"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.04.013","article-title":"Genomic characterization of emergent pseudorabies virus in China reveals marked sequence divergence: evidence for the existence of two major genotypes","volume":"483","author":"Ye","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virology."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.01.003","article-title":"Bartha-k61 vaccine protects growing pigs against challenge with an emerging variant pseudorabies virus","volume":"35","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine."},{"key":"B23","first-page":"645","article-title":"Distribution of pseudorabies virus in tissues of latently infected pigs","volume":"39","author":"Long","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Vet Zootech Sin."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13484","article-title":"Genetic evolution analysis of novel recombinant pseudorabies virus strain in Sichuan, China","volume":"67","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.806824\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]],"date-time":"2022-03-02T01:40:58Z","timestamp":1646185258000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.806824\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]]},"references-count":24,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2022.806824"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.806824","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]]},"article-number":"806824"}}