{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T11:08:27Z","timestamp":1787828907703,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]],"date-time":"2022-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655856000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Food from animal sources continues to be a significant food safety hazard. This study determined the microbial quality and safety of beef along beef value chains with case studies in the Ashaiman Municipality of Ghana. Raw beef samples were collected from four slaughter slabs in the Ashaiman Municipality and analyzed using standard microbiological methods to determine the quality and prevalence of specific pathogens, including <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> species, <jats:italic>Listeria monocytogenes<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>L. monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>), and <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic> species, as well as <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>), <jats:italic>Cyclospora cayetanensis<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>C. cayetanensis<\/jats:italic>), and <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium parvum<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>C. parvum<\/jats:italic>). Data regarding food safety knowledge and practices were collected and observed from stakeholders (cattle farmers, butchers, and beef retailers). <jats:italic>Salmonella typhimurium<\/jats:italic> was isolated from 7.5% (6\/80) of the total raw beef samples. However, <jats:italic>L. monocytogenes, Brucella<\/jats:italic> spp., <jats:italic>T. gondii, C. cayetanensis<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>C. parvum<\/jats:italic> were not isolated in this study. The mean level of microbial contamination of beef from the slaughter slabs\/abattoir [5.2 Log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> colony-forming unit (CFU)\/g] was not significantly different (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;gt; 0.05) from the mean level observed at retail points (5.4 Log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> CFU\/g). However, the mean coliform count of 4.3 Log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> CFU\/g recorded at retail shops exceeded the permissible limits of 10<jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup> CFU\/g (4 Log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> CFU\/g) required by the Ghana Standards Authority for safety of meat and carcasses. Knowledge on food safety was at average level for butchers and retailers. Unhygienic practices and poor sanitary conditions at the abattoirs and retail shops observed could be the main contributing factors to microbial contamination of raw beef. Continuous education for meat handlers on issues of food safety and monitoring of slaughter activities will reduce the rate and level of contamination of beef.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.813422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]],"date-time":"2022-06-22T09:38:15Z","timestamp":1655890695000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Microbial Safety of Beef Along Beef Value Chains in the Ashaiman Municipality of Ghana"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Vida Yirenkyiwaa","family":"Adjei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gloria Ivy","family":"Mensah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Parry-Hanson Kunadu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwaku","family":"Tano-Debrah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Ayi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kennedy Kwasi","family":"Addo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2014.06.033","article-title":"An overview of the nutritional value of beef and lamb meat from South America","volume":"98","author":"Cabrera","year":"2018","journal-title":"MESC"},{"key":"B2","first-page":"8997","article-title":"Meat consumption in ghana, evidence from household micro-data","volume":"13","author":"Osei-Asare","year":"2014","journal-title":"Empir Econ"},{"key":"B3","volume-title":"Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 \u2013 2017","year":"2017"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.4314\/ajfand.v8i1.19182","article-title":"A pilot microbial assessment of beef sold in the Ashaiman market, a Suburbof Accra, Ghana","volume":"8","author":"Soyiri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Af J Food Agric Dev."},{"key":"B5","unstructured":"2015"},{"key":"B6","unstructured":"WHO estimate the global burden of foodborne Diseases2015"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085044","article-title":"Survey of the Parasite Toxoplasma gondii in human consumed ovine meat in tunis city","author":"Boughattas","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.5812\/jjm.4280","article-title":"Evaluating the Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in Meat and Meat Products in Ahvaz by PCR Method","volume":"4","author":"Rahdar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Jundishapur J Microbiol."},{"key":"B9","unstructured":"Epidemiology public health importance of foodborne protozoan diseases712\n            PalM\n            AyeleY\n            JadhavVJ\n          Indian J Vet Pub Health.32017"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1701.P21101","article-title":"Foodborne illness acquired in the United States-unspecified agents","volume":"17","author":"Scallan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B11","first-page":"423","article-title":"Microbial quality of fresh meat from retail outlets in tolon and kumbungu districts of the northern region of Ghana","volume":"2","author":"Obeng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Sci Technol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.3923\/ajft.2011.835.842","article-title":"Bacteriological quality of beef offered for retail sale in Cote d'ivoire","volume":"6","author":"Koffi-Nevry","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Food Technol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.4236\/jssm.2012.51003","article-title":"animal supply and logistics activities of abattoir chain in developing countries : the case of Kumasi Abattoir, Ghana","volume":"5","author":"Frimpong","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Servi Sci Mgt."},{"key":"B14","unstructured":"Assessment of the microbial quality of locally produced meat (Beef and Pork) in Bolgatanga Municipal of Ghana15\n            AnachinabaIA\n            AdziteyF\n            TeyeGA\n          J Food Safety17.72015"},{"key":"B15","unstructured":"Microbiological and parasitological quality of local beef retailed in accra and radiation sensitivity of salmonella spp8696\n            HughesFA\n            Adu-gyamfiA\n            AppiahV\n          Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci42015"},{"key":"B16","first-page":"403","article-title":"Assessment of Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) Among food handlers at residential colleges and canteen regarding food safety","volume":"40","author":"Nee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sains Malays."},{"key":"B17","article-title":"Techniques for the brucellosis laboratory","volume-title":"Institut National de la recherche Agronomique","author":"Alton","year":"1988"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.9734\/IJTDH\/2015\/14759","article-title":"Microbial quality and antibiotic residues in raw beef from selected abattoirs in Accra, Ghana","volume":"6","author":"Addo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Trop Dis Health."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.08.020","article-title":"Direct high-resolution genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii in arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) in the remote arctic Svalbard archipelagoreveals widespread clonal Type II lineage","author":"Prestrud","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Vet. Parasitol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-11-525","article-title":"Analysis of cured meat products for cryptosporidium oocysts following possible contamination during an extensive waterborne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis","volume":"75","author":"Robertson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Food Prod."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5812\/jjm.16470","article-title":"Comparison of fecal antigen detection using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay with the auramine phenol staining method for diagnosis of human cryptosporidiosis","volume":"8","author":"Jafari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Jundishapur J.Microbiol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.3923\/pjbs.2015.341.345","article-title":"Comparison of ELISA and microscopy for detection of cryptosporidium oocyst in animals","volume":"18","author":"Al-megrin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pakistan J Biol Sci"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.26719\/2000.6.5-6.898","article-title":"Detection of cryptosporidium parvum antigen by co-agglutination test and ELISA. Eastern mediterr","volume":"6","author":"Michel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Health J"},{"key":"B24","unstructured":"Effect of pre-slaughter animal handling on carcass and meat quality: Mini review48591\n            AdziteyF\n          Int Food Res J.182011"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2006.04.012","article-title":"A comparison of microbial contamination on sheep\/goat carcasses in a modern Indian abattoir and traditional meat shops","volume":"18","author":"Bhandare","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Control."},{"key":"B26","volume-title":"Microorganisms in Foods. 5th ed","year":"1996"},{"key":"B27","unstructured":"Assessment of microbial load of raw meat at abattoirs and retail outlets7458\n            AhmadMUD\n            SarwarA\n            NajeebMI\n            NawazM\n            AnjumAA\n            AliAA\n          J Anim Plant Sci.232013"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.6000\/1927-5129.2014.10.39","article-title":"bacterial load and antimicrobial profile of escherichia coli and listeria spp. isolates from muscle tissues of slaughtered cattle at a major abattoir in Ibadan, South-Western Nigeria","volume":"10","author":"Adetunji","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Basic Appl Sci"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3923\/ijmeat.2015.8.13","article-title":"Prevalence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in beef samples sold at tamale metropolis, Ghana","volume":"5","author":"Adzitey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Meat Sci."},{"key":"B30","unstructured":"Bacteria contamination of raw meat sold in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State Nigeria4953\n            IrohaIR\n            UgboEC\n            IlangDC\n            OjiAE\n            AyoguTE\n          J Health Epidemiol.32011"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5812\/jjm.9254","article-title":"Prevalence of Salmonella spp. in packed and unpacked red meat and chicken in South of Tehran","volume":"7","author":"Soltan Dallal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Jundishapur J Microbiol."},{"key":"B32","unstructured":"2017"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.3390\/foods4030271","article-title":"Occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat meat products and meat processing plants in Spain","volume":"4","author":"G\u00f3mez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Foods."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-463R","article-title":"Isolation, tissue distribution, and molecular characterization of Toxoplasma gondii from chickens in Grenada, West Indies","volume":"91","author":"Dubey","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Parasitol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.09.001","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii detection in cattle: A slaughterhouse survey","volume":"228","author":"Hosein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2017.07.004","article-title":"Molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii infection in slaughtered ruminants in Northwest Tunisia","volume":"133","author":"Amdouni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.2307\/3284875","article-title":"Attempts to establish experimental Cyclospora cayetanensis infection in laboratory animals","volume":"6","author":"Eberhard","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.71.373","article-title":"Detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis in animal fecal isolates from Nepal using an FTA filter-base polymerase chain reaction method","volume":"71","author":"Chu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hygiene."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-65.2.378","article-title":"Detection of protozoan parasites and microsporidia in irrigation waters used for crop production","volume":"65","author":"Thurston-Enriquez","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Food Prod."},{"key":"B40","volume-title":"Designing and Implementing Livestock Value Chain Studies \u2013 A Practical Aid for Highly Pathogenic and Emerging Disease (HPED) Control","year":"2012"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781849775045","volume-title":"Avian Influenza: Science, Policy and Politics","author":"Scoones","year":"2010"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.813422\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]],"date-time":"2022-06-22T09:38:26Z","timestamp":1655890706000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.813422\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2022.813422"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.813422","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]]},"article-number":"813422"}}