{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T02:55:28Z","timestamp":1790477728463,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]],"date-time":"2022-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neuropeptides are secretory peptides characterized by small chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. They are majorly found in some mammalian neurons and glial cells, where they modulate a variety of physiological homeostasis. In the male genital tract, they are mostly found in the neuronal fibers supplying the vasculature, smooth muscle layer, interstitium, and<jats:italic>lamina propria<\/jats:italic>of the tunica mucosa of the various reproductive organs. Functionally, neuropeptides are strongly implicated in vascular temperature regulations, spermatozoa extrusion, epididymal content transportation, and movement of accessory gland secretions. This review provides an overview of neuropeptides with respect to their synthesis, release, and mechanism of actions, with emphasis on the locally acting neuropeptides, such as substance P (SP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal peptides (VIP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), galanin (GAL), cholecystokinin (CCK), C-terminal flanking peptide of NPY (CPON), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), and met- and leu-enkephalins (M-ENK and L-ENK) along the male genital tract (i.e., the spermatic cord, testis, epididymis, ductus deferens, and accessory sex organs) of 14 species of mammals and their marked influence on reproduction. This review also revealed from documented reports that the vast majority of neuropeptides present in the autonomic nerve supply to the male genital tract probably coexist with other peptides or with various neurotransmitters (tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine beta hydroxylase, and 5-hydroxytryptamine). In addition, documented evidence of variation in age, season, and intraspecies differences were identified as notable factors of influence in peptidergic nerve fiber distribution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.842515","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]],"date-time":"2022-03-30T22:01:35Z","timestamp":1648677695000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Neuropeptide Profiles of Mammalian Male Genital Tract: Distribution and Functional Relevance in Reproduction"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Jamiu O.","family":"Omirinde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Idris A.","family":"Azeez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7891","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-310-3_1","article-title":"What are neuropeptides?","volume":"1","author":"Burbach","year":"2011","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13084","article-title":"Overview of neuropeptides: awakening the senses?","volume":"57","author":"Russo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1007\/s13361-018-1914-1","article-title":"Diversity of neuropeptide cell-cell signaling molecules generated by proteolytic processing revealed by neuropeptidomics mass spectrometry","volume":"29","author":"Hook","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Soc Mass Spectrometr."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1208\/s12248-010-9223-z","article-title":"Neuropeptidomic components generated by proteomic functions in secretory vesicles for cell-cell communication","volume":"12","author":"Hook","year":"2010","journal-title":"AAPS J."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-021-00761-0","article-title":"An overview of the orexinergic system in different animal species","volume":"36","author":"Azeez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metabolic Brain Dis."},{"key":"B6","first-page":"561","article-title":"Veterinary anatomy of domestic mammals: textbook and color atlas","volume-title":"Endocrine Gland (Glandulae endocrinae)","author":"K\u00f6nig","year":"2014"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2010.00114","article-title":"Neuropeptides in the gonads: from evolution to pharmacology","volume":"1","author":"McGuire","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B8","first-page":"719","article-title":"The spermatic ganglion in humans: an anatomical update","volume":"51","author":"Motoc","year":"2010","journal-title":"Roman J Morphol Embryol."},{"key":"B9","volume-title":"Prepared by the International Committee on Veterinary Gross Anatomical Nomenclature (I.C.V.G.A.N.)","year":"2017"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.1989.tb02469.x","article-title":"Anatomy, vasculature, and innervation of the male reproductive tract","author":"Setchell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Knobil and Neill's Physiology of Reproduction"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod52.5.1136","article-title":"Efferent innervation of the rat testis","volume":"52","author":"Rauchenwald","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biol Reprod."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2008.00927.x","article-title":"Administration of noradrenaline in the autonomic ganglia modifies the testosterone release from the testis using an ex vivo system","volume":"32","author":"Sosa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Androl."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.1962.tb01616.x","article-title":"The process of spermatogenesis in mammals","volume":"37","author":"Roosen-Runge","year":"1962","journal-title":"Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc."},{"key":"B14","first-page":"286","volume-title":"Histological and Histopathological Evaluation of the Testis","author":"Russell","year":"1990"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-0115(96)00096-1","article-title":"Effect of castration on the VlPergic innervation and 1251-labelled vaaoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) binding sites in the hamster seminal vesicle. A quantitative immunohistochemical and receptor autoradiographic study","volume":"66","author":"Pinho","year":"1996","journal-title":"Reg Pept"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7696(06)48003-7","article-title":"Plasticity of pelvic autonomic ganglia and urogenital innervation","volume":"248","author":"Keast","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int Rev Cytol"},{"key":"B17","first-page":"69","article-title":"Autonomic innewation of male reproductive genitalia","volume-title":"Newous Control of the Urogenital System","author":"Dail","year":"1993"},{"key":"B18","first-page":"47","article-title":"The nerves of the testis, epididymis and scrotum","volume-title":"The Testis","author":"Hodson","year":"1970"},{"key":"B19","volume-title":"Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice","author":"Standring","year":"2004"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902480406","article-title":"The organization of the pudendal nerve in the male and female rat","volume":"248","author":"McKenna","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol."},{"key":"B21","first-page":"1257","volume-title":"Gray's Anatomy: The Classic Collector's Edition.","author":"Gray","year":"1977"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1515\/bvip-2015-0082","article-title":"Innervation of the chinchilla testis, epididymis, and vas deferens","volume":"59","author":"Sienkiewicz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bullet Vet Instute Pulawy."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000147991","article-title":"Autonomic innervation of the bovine testis","volume":"160","author":"Wrobel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Anatomia."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0940-9602(98)80015-0","article-title":"Autonomous innervation of the porcine testis in the period from birth to adulthood","volume":"180","author":"Wrobel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Anatomy."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0940-9602(00)80116-8","article-title":"On the innervation of the donkey testis","volume":"182","author":"Wrobel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Anatomy."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1159\/000054519","article-title":"Neuronal elements in the testis of the Rhesus Monkey: ontogeny, characterization and relationship to testicular cells","volume":"71","author":"Frungieri","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2008.01038.x","article-title":"Peptidergic not monoaminergic fibers profusely innervate the young adult human testis","volume":"214","author":"Gong","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Anat."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.117.3.629","article-title":"Expression of nerve growth factor and its receptor in rat seminiferous epithelium: specific function at the onset of meiosis","volume":"117","author":"Parvinen","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Cell Biol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/S0940-9602(03)80113-9","article-title":"Immunohistochemical investigations of the autonomous innervation of the cervine testis","volume":"185","author":"Wrobel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Anatomy."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.4322\/jms.109117","article-title":"Connective tissue, glial and neuronal expressions in testis of African giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus)","volume":"34","author":"Falade","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Morphol Sci."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1007\/s12565-018-0459-5","article-title":"The distribution of nerves supplying the testis, epididymis and accessory sex glands of Suncus murinus","volume":"94","author":"Dai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anat Sci Int"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.4103\/JMAU.JMAU_6_20","article-title":"Nerve and glial expressions in the testes and epididymides of different age groups of cane rat (Thryonomys swinderianus)","volume":"9","author":"Omirinde","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Microsc Ultrastruct."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-1281(11)80028-0","article-title":"Peptidergic innervation of the human testis and epididymis","volume":"96","author":"Tainio","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Histochem"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)39909-3","article-title":"lmmunohistochemichal and enzyme histochemical localization of peptidergic, aminergic and cholinergic nerve fibers in the rat seminal vesicle","volume":"143","author":"Yuri","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Urol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-1281(11)80212-6","article-title":"Peptidergic innervation of the human prostate, seminal vesicle and vas deferens","volume":"97","author":"Tainio","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Histochem."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0940-9602(02)80106-6","article-title":"Immunohistochemical investigations of the autonomous nerve distribution in the testis of the camel (Camelus dromedarius)","volume":"184","author":"Saleh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Anat."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4081\/ijas.2013.e15","article-title":"Innervation and immunohistochemical characteristics of epididymis in alpaca camelid (Vicugna Pacos)","volume":"12","author":"Liguori","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ital J Anim Sci."},{"key":"B38","first-page":"297","article-title":"Localization of regulatory peptides in the male urogenital apparatus of domestic equidae: a comparative immunohistochemical study in Equus cabal\/us and Equus asinus","volume":"12","author":"Arrighi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Histol Histopathol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.4081\/822","article-title":"The autonomous innervation of the buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) testis. An immunohistochemical study","volume":"47","author":"de Girolamo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Histochem."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(97)00724-6","article-title":"Calcitonin gene-related peptide- and substance P-like immunoreactive fibers in the spermatic nerve and testis of the dog","volume":"235","author":"Tamura","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(77)90088-1","article-title":"Occurrence of nerves containing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactivity in the male genital tract","volume":"21","author":"Larsson","year":"1977","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00232276","article-title":"Origin and distribution of VIP (vasoactive intestinal polypeptide)-nerves in the genito-urinary tract","volume":"205","author":"Alm","year":"1980","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.2002.tb02605.x","article-title":"Peptidergic innervation of blood vessels and interstitial cells in the testis of the cat","volume":"23","author":"Suburo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Androl."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0940-9602(01)80167-9","article-title":"The nerve distribution in the testis of the cat","volume":"183","author":"Wrobel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Anat."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s004180050108","article-title":"Immunohistochemical characteristics of nerve fibers supplying the porcine vas deferens. A colocalization study","volume":"107","author":"Kaleczyc","year":"1997","journal-title":"Histochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.17221\/5604-VETMED","article-title":"Immunohistochemical characterisation of cholinergic nerve fibers supplying accessory genital glands in the pig","volume":"50","author":"Klimczuk","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Czech"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6148","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00271282","article-title":"Postnatal development and distribution of peptide-containing nerves in the genital system of the male rat","volume":"97","author":"Properzi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Histochemistry."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npep.2010.10.006","article-title":"Neuropeptide Y acts within the rat testis to inhibit testosterone secretion","volume":"45","author":"Allen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropeptides."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00218020","article-title":"Studies of the guinea-pig epididymis III. Innervation of epididymal segments","volume":"239","author":"Greenberg","year":"1985","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(94)90307-7","article-title":"Vasoactive intestinal peptide in the hamster serninal vesicle: distribution, binding sites and possible functions","volume":"59","author":"Pinho","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neuroscience."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-9781(96)00183-0","article-title":"Calcitonin gene-related peptide in the hamster seminal vesicle and coagulating gland. Immunohistochemical, autoradiographical, and pharmacological study","volume":"17","author":"Afonso","year":"1996","journal-title":"Peptides."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2643","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(84)90033-X","article-title":"Neuropeptide Y in the human male genital tract","volume":"35","author":"Adrian","year":"1984","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"B53","first-page":"121","article-title":"Occurrence, distribution and origin of peptide-containing nerves of guinea-pig and rat male genitalia and the effects of denervation on sperm characteristics","volume":"149","author":"Carvalho","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Anat."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)43583-X","article-title":"The seminal vesicle in eight- and 16-week streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: adrenergic, cholinergic and peptidergic innervation","volume":"138","author":"Moss","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Urol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod36.1.149","article-title":"Coexistence and cooperation between neuropeptideY and norepinephrine in nerve fibers of guinea-pig vas deferens and seminal vesicles","volume":"36","author":"Stjernquist","year":"1987","journal-title":"Biol Reprod."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.1989.tb02469.x","article-title":"Immunohistochernical localization of neuropeptide Y in nerves of the male genital tract of the photoperiodically responsive djungarian hamster, Phodqpus sungorus","volume":"21","author":"Schindelmeiser","year":"1989","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00300783","article-title":"Peptidergic innervation within the prostate gland and seminal vesicle","volume":"18","author":"Lange","year":"1990","journal-title":"Urol Res."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1994.tb17074.x","article-title":"Presence of neuropeptide Y in the rat seminal vesicle and its eifects on noradrenaline- and newe-induced contrac\u00fcons","volume":"113","author":"Iravani","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol."},{"key":"B59","first-page":"541","article-title":"Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VlP) irnmunomactive and bindingsites in the hamster and guinea-pig seminal vdcie","volume":"205","author":"Rodrigues","year":"1992","journal-title":"Histochem J"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0082(94)E0017-B","article-title":"Tachykinins and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) as co-transmitters released from peripheral endings of sensory nerves","volume":"45","author":"Maggi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092150104","article-title":"Light and electron rnicroscope demonstration of VIP- and Enkephalin immunoreactive nerves in the human male genitourinary tract","volume":"215","author":"Vaalasti","year":"1986","journal-title":"Anat Rec."},{"key":"B62","first-page":"293","article-title":"Autonomic innervation of the human prostate","volume":"17","author":"Vaalasti","year":"1980","journal-title":"Invest Urol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3519","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(82)90637-2","article-title":"Enkephalin- and substance P-like immunoreactivities of mammalian sperm and accessory sex glands","volume":"31","author":"Sastry","year":"1982","journal-title":"Biochern Pharmacol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)51174-X","article-title":"Peptidergic innervation of the human male genital tract","volume":"130","author":"Gu","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Urol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-0115(83)90282-3","article-title":"Immunohistochemical localization of substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and gastrin-releasing peptide in vas deferens and seminal vesicle, and the effect of these and eight other neuropeptides on resting tension and neurally evoked contractile activity","volume":"7","author":"Stjernquist","year":"1983","journal-title":"Regul Pept."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.2990150503","article-title":"Studies on the structure and intrinsic innervation of the normal human prostate","volume":"1989","author":"Higgins","year":"1989","journal-title":"Prostate Suppl."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)38203-4","article-title":"The innervation of the human prostate gland\u2013the changes associated with benign enlargement","volume":"146","author":"Chapple","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Urol."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2680.2000.00195.x","article-title":"The autonomic and sensory innervation of the smooth muscle of the prostate gland: a review of pharmacological and histological studies","volume":"20","author":"Pennefather","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Auton Pharmacol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-002-0673-1","article-title":"Immunohistochemical characterisation of pelvic autonomic ganglia in male mice","volume":"311","author":"Wanigasekara","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vascn.2004.07.001","article-title":"Evaluation of the mouse prostate as a suitable model for the study of human prostate function","volume":"51","author":"Gray","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods."},{"key":"B71","first-page":"169","article-title":"Development of peptide containing nerves in the human fetal prostate gland","volume":"187","author":"Jen","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Anat."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-0115(97)00028-1","article-title":"Neuropeptide Y1 receptors in the rat genital tract","volume":"70","author":"Kopp","year":"1997","journal-title":"Regul Pept."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410x.2000.00573.x","article-title":"Lack of neuropeptide Y receptor detection in human bladder and prostate","volume":"85","author":"Davis","year":"2000","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R701","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1984.247.4.R701","article-title":"Effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide on canine prostatic contraction and secretion","volume":"247","author":"Smith","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Physiol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1991.tb15257.x","article-title":"The human prostate gland: a histochemical and immunohistochemical study of neuropeptides, serotonin, dopamine beta-hydroxylase and acetylcholinesterase in autonomic nerves and ganglia","volume":"68","author":"Crowe","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br J Urol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0045(20000801)44:3<181::AID-PROS1>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"Calcitonin and calcitonin generelated peptide in the human prostate gland","volume":"44","author":"Abrahamsson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.20195","article-title":"Effect of neurokinins on canine prostate cell physiology","volume":"63","author":"Walden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prostate."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1838(96)00139-7","article-title":"Heme oxygenase and NO-synthase in the human prostate\u2013relation to adrenergic, cholinergic and peptide-containing nerves","volume":"63","author":"Hedlund","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Auton Nerv Syst."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1838(87)90107-X","article-title":"Histochemical and biochemical investigation of adrenergic, cholinergic and peptidergic innervation of the rat ventral prostate 8 weeks after streptozotocininduced diabetes","volume":"20","author":"Crowe","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Auton Nerv Syst."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(99)00524-5","article-title":"An immunohistochemical and pharmacological study of tachykinins in the rat and guinea-pig prostate glands","volume":"380","author":"Buljubasich","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0940-9602(04)80130-4","article-title":"Distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP) and galanin (GAL) immunoreactive nerve fibers in the seminal vesicle and prostate of the male sheep","volume":"186","author":"Arciszewski","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Anat."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.1997.tb00327.x","article-title":"Innervation of accessory sex glands in the adult male golden hamster and quantitative changes of nerve densities with age","volume":"29","author":"Chow","year":"1997","journal-title":"Andrologia."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-0115(88)90068-7","article-title":"Immunocytochemical localization of galanin in the rat male and female genital tracts and motor effects in vitro","volume":"20","author":"Stjernquist","year":"1988","journal-title":"Regul Pept."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2739\/kurumemedj.37.1","article-title":"Distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) - like, neuropepytide Y (NPY) - like immunoreactive and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) - positive nerve fibers in the prostate gland of the monkey (Macacus Fuscatus)","volume":"37","author":"Yokoyama","year":"1990","journal-title":"Kurume Med J."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/0309-1651(90)91156-x","article-title":"Study of neuropeptide Y-containing nerve fibers in the human penis","volume":"254","author":"Wespes","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cell Tiss Res"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-4295(90)80022-F","article-title":"Neuropeptide Y (NPY)-containing nerves in mammalian ureter","volume":"25","author":"Allen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.1990.tb03244.x","article-title":"Testicular function after local injection of 6-hydroxydopamine or norepinephrine in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)","volume":"11","author":"Mayerhofer","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Androl."},{"key":"B88","first-page":"211","article-title":"Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in the male genitourinary tract: concentration and motor effect","volume":"19","author":"Larsen","year":"1981","journal-title":"Invest Urol."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-9781(84)90211-0","article-title":"Localisation and measurement of VIP in the genitourinary system of man and animals","volume":"5","author":"Polak","year":"1984","journal-title":"Peptides."},{"key":"B90","volume-title":"Vasodilator Action of VIR.","author":"Said","year":"1984"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.1997.tb01943.x","article-title":"Localization and effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide in the testicular vasculature of the rat","volume":"18","author":"Lissbrant","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Androl."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0701422","article-title":"Local neurogenic regulation of rat hindlimb circulation: role of calcitonin gene-related peptidc in vasodilatation after skeletal muscle contraction","volume":"122","author":"Yamada","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol."},{"key":"B93","first-page":"151","article-title":"Calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactive (CGRP-IR) intradental nerves in the dog","volume":"75","author":"Ngassapa","year":"1998","journal-title":"East Afr Med J."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(02)01260-8","article-title":"Innervation of vas deferens and accessory male genital glands in the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) neurochemical characteristics and relationships to the reproductive activity","volume":"59","author":"Mirabella","year":"2003","journal-title":"Theriogenology."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(88)90060-2","article-title":"Release of calcitonin gene-related peptidelike immunoreactivity (CGRP-LI) from organs of the genitourinary tract in rats","volume":"92","author":"Santicioli","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0700197","article-title":"Effects of autonomic drugs on contrac\u00fcons of rat seminal vesicles in vivo","volume":"70","author":"Hib","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Reprod Fert"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.157.373","article-title":"Effects of autonomic drugs on intraiuminal pressure and excretion of rat serninai vesicles in vivo","volume":"157","author":"Terasaki","year":"1989","journal-title":"Tohoku J Exp Med"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.1995.tb05856.x","article-title":"Mechanisms involved in electrically-induced responses of rat seminal vesicles","volume":"47","author":"Sadraei","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Phamiacol Pharmacol"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/0143-4179(94)90014-0","article-title":"Neuropeptide Y inhibits vasoactive intestinal peptide-stimulated adenylyl cyclase in rat ventral prostate","volume":"27","author":"Solano","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neuropeptides."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-9781(91)90060-3","article-title":"Effect of bombesin, bradykinin, substance P and CGRP in prostate, bladder body and neck","volume":"12","author":"Watts","year":"1991","journal-title":"Peptides."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1681.2000.03361.x","article-title":"Species differences in the actions of sensory neuropeptides on contractility of the smooth muscle of the rat and guinea-pig prostate","volume":"27","author":"Ventura","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0703409","article-title":"Cholinergic facilitation of neurotransmission to the smooth muscle of the guinea-pig prostate gland","volume":"130","author":"Lau","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-0925","article-title":"Activation of the Y1 receptor by neuropeptide Y regulates the growth of prostate cancer cells","volume":"147","author":"Ruscica","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocrinology."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1990.sp018351","article-title":"Capsaicin and sensory neuropeptide stimulation of goblet cell secretion in guinea-pig trachea","volume":"431","author":"Kuo","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Physio."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-0115(94)00102-4","article-title":"Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and iEs effects on protein release in the developing subrnand\u00edbular gland of the rat","volume":"55","author":"Salo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Regul Pept."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0773.1993.tb01344.x","article-title":"Transmitter role of vasoactive intestinal peptide","volume":"72","author":"Fahrenkrug","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pharmacol Toxicol."},{"key":"B107","first-page":"167","article-title":"Participation of vasoactive polypeptide (VlP) as a humoral mediator in the erec\u00fcle response of canine Corpus cavernosum penis","volume":"156","author":"Yeh","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2815","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.137.7.8770902","article-title":"Characterization of vasoactive intestinal peptide\/pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide receptors in human benign hyperplastic prostate","volume":"137","author":"Solano","year":"1996","journal-title":"Endocrinol."},{"key":"B109","first-page":"339","article-title":"Significance of Substance P- and enkephalin-peptide systems in the male genital tract","volume-title":"Substance P and Related Peptides: Cellular and Molecular Physiobgy","author":"Sastry","year":"1991"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(97)01270-3","article-title":"Characterisation of excitatory and inhibitory transmitter systems in prostate glands of rats, guinea pigs, rabbits and pigs","volume":"337","author":"Najbar-Kaszkiel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.842515\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,19]],"date-time":"2023-11-19T12:37:55Z","timestamp":1700397475000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.842515\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]]},"references-count":110,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2022.842515"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.842515","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]]},"article-number":"842515"}}