{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T21:05:12Z","timestamp":1793135112759,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Avian reoviruses (ARVs) are ubiquitous in domestic poultry with 80% of them being non-pathogenic and they are frequently found in clinically healthy birds. ARVs have also been known to be the etiological agents of viral arthritis (VA), tenosynovitis, myocarditis, runting-stunting syndrome (RSS), and respiratory and enteric disease in chickens. Significant economic losses during the process of poultry husbandry are due, in part, to unmitigated ARV infections throughout the poultry industry. Recently, many isolates shared genetic similarities between those recovered from wild birds and those recovered from poultry. One explanation may be that there is a degree of spillover and spillback of ARVs between the two groups. However, studies on the role of wild birds in the epidemiology and pathogenicity of ARVs are insufficient. Here, we describe the pathogenicity in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens of ARV originating from wild birds. The challenge experiment was conducted in six groups including a negative control group, a positive control group (reference strain of S1133), and four groups (A15-157, A18-13, A18-205, A19-106) infected with ARVs from wild birds. The 7-day-old SPF chickens were inoculated with 10<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>TCID<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> ARV to evaluate the clinical signs, changes in weight gain, gross lesions, histological changes, virus replication, and serum antibody levels. The peak of clinical signs was from 3 to 5 days post infection (dpi). In addition, the death of one chicken was found in the group infected with the A18-13 isolate. Reduced body weight was also found in chickens infected with ARVs from wild birds compared to the negative control group. All the ARVs infection groups showed noticeable swelling of the footpad. In addition, ARVs were detected in the bursa, tendon, and hock joint by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in all infected groups at 5 and 15 dpi. Histopathological observations revealed acute inflammatory responses on the synovium covering the joint surfaces (arthritis) and tendon sheaths (tenosynovitis), as well as bursa atrophy and lymphocyte depletion. The analysis of the humoral response was performed by ELISA assay, and chickens infected with ARVs showed seroconverted. In conclusion, this study described the typical severe disease of acute VA and tenosynovitis in SPF chickens infected with ARVs derived from wild birds. This study confirmed the pathogenicity of ARVs infection in SPF chickens for the first time, and these results enrich our understanding of the pathogenicity of ARVs derived from wild birds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.844903","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T05:34:30Z","timestamp":1645680870000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Avian Reoviruses From Wild Birds Exhibit Pathogenicity to Specific Pathogen Free Chickens by Footpad Route"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Yu-Ri","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang-Won","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong-Yeol","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun-feng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyung-Kwan","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bai","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Se-Yeoun","family":"Cha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9080817","article-title":"Evaluation of avian reovirus S1133 vaccine strain in neonatal broiler chickens in gastrointestinal integrity and performance in a large-scale commercial field trial","volume":"9","author":"Petrone-Garcia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.11.018","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis of a novel reassortant orthoreovirus strain detected in partridge (Perdix perdix)","volume":"215","author":"Kugler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.000110","article-title":"Isolation and genomic characterization of a novel orthoreovirus from a brown-eared bulbul (Hypsipetes amaurotis) in Japan","volume":"96","author":"Ogasawara","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Gen Virol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2020.1864808","article-title":"Emerging new avian reovirus variants from cases of enteric disorders and arthritis\/tenosynovitis in Brazilian poultry flocks","volume":"62","author":"De la Torre","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br Proult Sci"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.2307\/1588873","article-title":"Incidence of tenosynovitis in Maine broilers","volume":"15","author":"Johnson","year":"1971","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-90979-w","article-title":"Novel duck reovirus exhibits pathogenicity to specific pathogen-free chickens by the subcutaneous route","volume":"11","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3552","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13961","article-title":"Genetic characterization and pathogenicity of a divergent broiler-origin orthoreovirus causing arthritis in China","volume":"68","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14727","article-title":"Isolation and molecular characterization of newly emerging avian reovirus variants and novel strains in Pennsylvania, USA, 2011\u20132014","volume":"5","author":"Lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.101262","article-title":"Identification of a new reovirus causing substantial losses in broiler production in France, despite routine vaccination of breeders","volume":"172","author":"Troxler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Rec Open."},{"key":"B10","first-page":"13","article-title":"Studies on chronic respiratory disease of chickens II. Isolation of a virus","volume":"18","author":"Fahey","year":"1954","journal-title":"Can J Comp Med Vet Sci."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.2307\/1589225","article-title":"Characterization of two reoviruses isolated from turkeys with infectious enteritis","volume":"17","author":"Gershowitz","year":"1973","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.2307\/1590426","article-title":"Studies on orthoreoviruses isolated from young turkeys. III Pathogenic effects in chicken embryos, chicks, poults, and suckling mice","volume":"30","author":"Nersessian","year":"1986","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.2307\/1591809","article-title":"A comparative study of avian reovirus pathogenicity: virus spread and replication and induction of lesions","volume":"39","author":"Ni","year":"1995","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"B14","first-page":"847","article-title":"Comparison of the characteristics of avian reoviruses isolated from the digestive and respiratory tract, with viruses isolated from the synovia","volume":"36","author":"Sahu","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.2307\/1591119","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo characterization of avian reoviruses. II Clinical evaluation of chickens infected with two avian reovirus pathotypes","volume":"33","author":"Sterner","year":"1989","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.2307\/1593104","article-title":"The history of avian reovirus","volume":"44","author":"Van der Heide","year":"2000","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-9073-9_15","article-title":"Avian reoviruses","volume-title":"Recent Advances in Animal virology","author":"Kumar","year":"2019"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.2307\/1588960","article-title":"Experimental egg-transmission of avian reovirus","volume":"19","author":"Menendez","year":"1975","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1515\/jvetres-2017-0033","article-title":"Detection of avian reoviruses in wild birds in Poland","volume":"61","author":"Sty\u015b-Fijo\u0142","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Vet Res."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1080\/0307945031000121176","article-title":"The survival of avian reoviruses on materials associated with the poultry house environment","volume":"32","author":"Savage","year":"2003","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.2307\/1592132","article-title":"American woodcock (Scolopax minor) mortality associated with a reovirus","volume":"38","author":"Docherty","year":"1994","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.2307\/1590430","article-title":"Intestinal cryptosporidiosis and reovirus isolation from bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) with enteritis","volume":"30","author":"Ritter","year":"1986","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"B23","first-page":"104","article-title":"Reovirus infection of pheasants (Phasianus colchicus)","volume":"26","author":"Mutlu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Tierarztl Prax Ausg G."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1312.070394","article-title":"Novel orthoreovirus from diseased crow, Finland","volume":"13","author":"Huhtamo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.7589\/2019-01-015","article-title":"A novel orthoreovirus associated with epizootic necrotizing enteritis and splenic necrosis in American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos)","volume":"55","author":"Forz\u00e1n","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Wildlife Dis."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0329-5","article-title":"Mortality associated with avian reovirus infection in a free-living magpie (Pica pica) in Great Britain","volume":"11","author":"Lawson","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.08.022","article-title":"Novel reovirus isolation from an Ostrich (Struthio camelus) in Japan","volume":"134","author":"Sakai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794934","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.794934","article-title":"Isolation and genomic characterization of avian reovirus from wild birds in South Korea","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2010.09.016","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of a reovirus causing spleen necrosis in Pekin ducklings","volume":"148","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a118408","article-title":"A simple method of estimating fifty per cent endpoints","volume":"27","author":"Reed","year":"1938","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1637\/7435-090705R1.1","article-title":"Development of a polymerase chain reaction procedure for detection and differentiation of duck and goose circovirus","volume":"50","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.03.011","article-title":"Molecular detection and typing of duck hepatitis A virus directly from clinical specimens","volume":"131","author":"Fu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.04.004","article-title":"Respiratory disease due to current egg drop syndrome virus in Pekin ducks","volume":"165","author":"Cha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2004.04.003","article-title":"Development of a multiplex PCR for detection of avian adenovirus, avian reovirus, infectious bursal disease virus, and chicken anemia virus","volume":"18","author":"Caterina","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol cell Probes."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9975(88)90041-2","article-title":"Pathogenesis of experimental reovirus tenosynovitis in chickens: influence of the route of infection","volume":"98","author":"Islam","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2019.1600656","article-title":"Pathogenicity and genomic characterization of a novel avian orthoreovius variant isolated from a vaccinated broiler flock in China","volume":"48","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2019.108546","article-title":"Pathogenicity of a variant duck orthoreovirus strain in Cherry Valley Ducklings","volume":"242","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1637\/8212-011908-Reg.1","article-title":"Sequence analysis of four double-stranded RNA genomic segments reveals an orthoreovirus with a unique genotype infecting psittaciformes","volume":"52","author":"de Kloet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.060699-0","article-title":"Complete genome analysis identifies Tv\u00e4rminne avian virus as a candidate new species within the genus Orthoreovirus","volume":"95","author":"Dandar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Gen Virol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45494-4","article-title":"Genotypic characterization of emerging avian reovirus genetic variants in California","volume":"9","author":"Ega\u00f1a-Labrin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35271","article-title":"Genetic and pathogenic characterisation of 11 avian reovirus isolates from northern China suggests continued evolution of virulence","volume":"6","author":"Zhong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.01.005","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis, genomic diversity and classification of M class gene segments of turkey reoviruses","volume":"176","author":"Mor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3550","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey239","article-title":"Pathological and molecular findings of avian reoviruses from clinical cases of tenosynovitis in poultry flocks from Brazil","volume":"97","author":"Souza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022014825451","article-title":"Avian reovirus induces an inhibitory effect on lymphoproliferation in chickens","volume":"27","author":"Neelima","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet Res Commun."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2006.10.024","article-title":"Central nervous system signs in chickens caused by a new avian reovirus strain: a pathogenesis study","volume":"120","author":"Van de Zande","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.618124","article-title":"Dynamic changes in the expression of interferon-stimulated genes in joints of SPF chickens infected with avian reovirus","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.2307\/1591480","article-title":"Reovirus-associated enteritis in Georgia broiler chicks","volume":"37","author":"Goodwin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5321","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pez319","article-title":"Genetic and pathogenic characteristics of newly emerging avian reovirus from infected chickens with clinical arthritis in China","volume":"98","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"B49","first-page":"87","article-title":"Avian reovirus replication in mononuclear phagocytes in chicken footpad and spleen after footpad inoculation","volume":"79","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00415-X","article-title":"Molecular evolution of avian reovirus: evidence for genetic diversity and reassortment of the S-class genome segments and multiple cocirculating lineages","volume":"314","author":"Liu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Virol J."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44178-3","article-title":"Phenotypic and genetic characterisation of an emerging reovirus from Pekin ducks in China","volume":"9","author":"Cao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.2307\/1590743","article-title":"Comparative study of the pathogenicity of avian reoviruses","volume":"31","author":"Tang","year":"1987","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.44-2-185","article-title":"Pathology and virus tissue distribution of Turkey origin reoviruses in experimentally infected Turkey poults","volume":"44","author":"Pantin-Jackwood","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Pathol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.844903\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T05:34:39Z","timestamp":1645680879000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.844903\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2022.844903"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.844903","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]]},"article-number":"844903"}}