{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T16:47:30Z","timestamp":1793465250840,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]],"date-time":"2022-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The thorny devil stick insect (<jats:italic>Eurycantha calcarata<\/jats:italic>) is a common invertebrate maintained under human care. Blood (hemolymph) transfusions are a widely used therapeutic tool in other species, but investigation in terrestrial arthropods remains scarce. Study objectives were development and evaluation of a serum transfusion process in the thorny devil stick insect. Twenty-five clinically healthy adult insects (9.9\u201323.0 g) were enrolled and baseline body weights were collected. Hemolymph collection was not successful in males, thus, all were recipient only (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 12, MR). Females were divided into donor (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 4, FD) or donor and recipient (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 9, FDR) groups. Females were manually restrained and up to 1 mL of hemolymph was collected from the abdominal segment caudal to the proximal hindlimb using an 18 g hypodermic needle and passive collection <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> gravity. Hemolymph was quantified, centrifuged, and the serum separated. Insects were then injected superficially at the lateral aspect of the abdomen with 0.01 mL\/g FD serum (MR), lactated Ringer's solution (LRS) equal to collected hemolymph volume (FD), or a combination of FDR serum and LRS equal to collected hemolymph volume (FDR). Response to stimulation, surface temperature, and righting reflex and mortality were serially assessed for up to 24 h and 7 days, respectively, following injection. In FD, median (range) injected LRS dose was 0.04 (0.03\u20130.06) mL\/g. In FDR, median (range) injected serum, LRS, and combined serum and LRS dose was 0.03 (0.02\u20130.04), 0.01 (0\u20130.04), and 0.04 (0.02\u20130.06) mL\/g, respectively. A mild temperature increase (maximum +2.9\u00b0C) (MR <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 10, FD <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 3, FDR <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 8) and delayed righting reflex (MR <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 4, FD <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 3, FDR <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 7) occurred in a subset of insects following injection. Two deaths occurred at 2 min (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 1, FDR) and 96 h (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 1, FD) post-injection. This is the first report of serum transfusions in thorny devil stick insects, and while largely successful, minor to severe transfusion reactions may occur.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.847043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]],"date-time":"2022-04-04T09:08:30Z","timestamp":1649063310000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Development and Evaluation of a Serum Transfusion Process in the Thorny Devil Stick Insect (Eurycantha calcarata)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Taylor M.","family":"Gregory","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashlyn C.","family":"Heniff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melinda 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