{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T06:36:29Z","timestamp":1770618989326,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]],"date-time":"2022-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Central nervous system (CNS) inflammation is a common cause of neurological dysfunction in dogs. Most dogs with CNS inflammation are diagnosed with presumptive autoimmune disease. A smaller number are diagnosed with an infectious etiology. Additionally, at necropsy, a subset of dogs with CNS inflammation do not fit previously described patterns of autoimmune disease and an infectious cause is not readily identifiable. Because viral infection is a common cause of meningoencephalitis in people, we hypothesize that a subset of dogs presented with CNS inflammation have an occult viral infection either as a direct cause of CNS inflammation or a trigger for autoimmunity. The goal of this research was to screen cerebrospinal fluid from a large number dogs with CNS inflammation for occult viral infection. One hundred seventy-two dogs with neurological dysfunction and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis were identified. Of these, 42 had meningoencephalitis of unknown origin, six had steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis, one had eosinophilic meningoencephalitis, five had documented infection, 21 had and undetermined diagnosis, and 97 had a diagnosis not consistent with primary inflammatory disease of the CNS (e.g., neoplasia). CSF samples were subsequently screened with broadly reactive PCR for eight viral groups: adenovirus, bunyavirus, coronavirus, enterovirus, flavivirus, herpesvirus, paramyxovirus, and parechovirus. No viral nucleic acids were detected from 168 cases screened for eight viral groups, which does not support occult viral infection as a cause of CNS inflammation in dogs. La Crosse virus (LACV) nucleic acids were detected from four cases in Georgia. Subclinical infection was supported in two of these cases but LACV could not be ruled-out as a cause of infection in the other two cases, suggesting further research is warranted to determine if LACV is an occult cause of CNS inflammation in dogs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.850510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T02:40:38Z","timestamp":1648521638000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Screening for Viral Nucleic Acids in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Dogs With Central Nervous System Inflammation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Renee M.","family":"Barber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan M.","family":"Levine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan J.","family":"Ruone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gwendolyn J.","family":"Levine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Kenny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suxiang","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott J.","family":"Schatzberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.2006.tb00138.x","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid analysis and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of neurologic disease in dogs: a retrospective study","volume":"35","author":"Bohn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1995.tb01089.x","article-title":"Diagnosis of inflammatory and infectious diseases of the central nervous system in dogs: a retrospective study","volume":"9","author":"Tipold","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2009.09.003","article-title":"Idiopathic granulomatous and necrotizing inflammatory disorders of the canine central nervous system","volume":"40","author":"Schatzberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02726.x","article-title":"Polymerase chain reaction screening for DNA viruses in paraffin-embedded brains from dogs with necrotizing meningoencephalitis, necrotizing leukoencephalitis, granulomatous meningoencephalitis","volume":"19","author":"Schatzberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2009.0313.x","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid PCR and antibody concentrations against Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in dogs with neurological signs","volume":"23","author":"J\u00e4derlund","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2009.0466.x","article-title":"Evaluation of brain tissue or cerebrospinal fluid with broadly reactive polymerase chain reaction for Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, spotted fever group Rickettsia, Bartonella, and Borrelia species in canine neurological diseases (109 cases)","volume":"24","author":"Barber","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2012.00954.x","article-title":"Broadly reactive polymerase chain reaction for pathogen detection in canine granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis and necrotizing meningoencephalitis","volume":"26","author":"Barber","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15288","article-title":"Testing for bartonella ssp. 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