{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T10:08:53Z","timestamp":1775902133166,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]],"date-time":"2022-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012620","name":"Taishan Scholar Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012620","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Chlamydia psittaci<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>C. psittaci<\/jats:italic>) is a crucial zoonotic pathogen that causes severe respiratory and reproductive system disease in humans and animals. In our pioneer study, polymorphic membrane protein G (PmpG) mediated attachment to host cells as the adhesions and induced immunity against <jats:italic>C. psittaci<\/jats:italic> infection. We hypothesize that multiple PmpG antigens adjuvanted with <jats:italic>Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:italic> ghost (VCG) and chitosan gel might trigger full protection <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> the intranasal route (i.n). In the present study, 40 SPF chickens were randomly divided into four groups, including the PmpGs + MOMP group (i.n), major outer membrane protein (MOMP) group (i.n), PmpGs (Pmp17G + Pmp20G + Pmp21G) group (i.n), and control groups (VCG + chitosan gel) (i.n). Post twice immunizations, the PmpGs + MOMP group yielded highly level-specific IgG, IgA antibodies, and lymphocyte proliferation. As for cytokines, IFN-\u03b3 expression was upregulated significantly, while IL-10 concentration was downregulated in the PmpGs + MOMP group compared with other groups. Post challenge, exudate inflammations in air sacs, bacterial loads in lungs, and bacterial shedding in throat swabs were reduced significantly in the PmpGs + MOMP group. In the second experiment, 100 breeder ducks were divided into the PmpGs + MOMP group (i.n), the commercial MOMP group (<jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> intramuscular injection, i.m), the inactivated EBs group (i.n), and the control group (i.n), 25 ducks per group. Post challenge, the reduced egg production recovered soon in the inactivated EBs group and the PmpGs + MOMP group. Moreover, the aforementioned two groups induced higher robust IgG antibodies, lymphocyte proliferation, and IFN-\u03b3 secretions than the commercial MOMP vaccine did. Postmortem, lower bacterial loads of spleens were determined in the PmpGs + MOMP group and the inactivated EBs group. However, bacterial clearance of follicular membranes and shedding from the vaginal tract were not significant differences among the three tested groups. Furthermore, the PmpGs + MOMP group induced lower inflammations in the follicles and oviducts. Based on the above evidence, the combination of PmpGs and MOMP adjuvanted with chitosan gel and VCG <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> intranasal route could induce full protection both in the respiratory system and genital tract post <jats:italic>C. psittaci<\/jats:italic> infection. More importantly, the combination antigens are superior to the inactivated EBs antigen due to no contamination to the environment and less genital inflammation. The combination of PmpGs + MOMP adjuvanted with VCG and chitosan gel might be a promising novel vaccine by blocking <jats:italic>C. psittaci<\/jats:italic> infection from animals to human beings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.855447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]],"date-time":"2022-04-22T06:23:21Z","timestamp":1650608601000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A Novel Intranasal Vaccine With PmpGs + MOMP Induces Robust Protections Both in Respiratory Tract and Genital System Post Chlamydia psittaci Infection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Qiang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhuanqiang","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huanxin","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhanxin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2008.02669.x","article-title":"Zoonotic 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