{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T03:47:17Z","timestamp":1790048837559,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]],"date-time":"2022-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Frozen\u2013thawed boar sperm was not widely used in pig artificial insemination as the sperm quality was damaged by biochemical and physical modifications during the cryopreservation process. The aim of this study was to investigate whether reduction of the glucose level in diluted medium could protect the post-thaw boar sperm or not. Boar sperm was diluted with the pre-treatment medium with different doses of glucose (153, 122.4, 91.8, 61.2, 30.6, and 0 mM) during the cooling process. The sperm motility patterns and glycolysis were evaluated during the cooling process. Meanwhile, the post-thaw sperm quality, ATP level, mitochondrial function as well as apoptosis were also measured. It was observed that 153 mM glucose treatment showed the highest glycolysis in boar sperm as the activities of hexokinase, fructose-bisphosphate aldolase A, and lactate dehydrogenase are the highest as well as the lactate level. Reduction of the glucose level from 153 to 30.6 mM suppressed sperm glycolysis. In addition, treatment with 153 mM glucose made the sperm demonstrate a circle-like movement along with a high value of curvilinear velocity and amplitude of the lateral head, while decreasing the glucose level reduced those patterns in the cooling process. Moreover, reduction of the glucose level also significantly increased the post-thaw sperm's total motility, progressive motility, straight-linear velocity, membrane integrity, and acrosome integrity. The treatment with 30.6 mM glucose showed the highest value among the treatments. Furthermore, the post-thaw sperm's succinate dehydrogenase activity, malate dehydrogenase activity, mitochondrial membrane potential as well as ATP level were increased by reducing the glucose level from 153 to 30.6 mM. Interestingly, the treatment with 30.6 mM glucose showed the lowest apoptosis of post-thaw sperm among the treatments. Those observations suggest that reduction of the glucose level in diluted medium increased the post-thaw boar sperm quality <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> decreasing the glycolytic metabolism. These findings provide novel insights that reduction of boar sperm activity <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> decreasing sperm glycolysis during the cooling process helps to improve the post-thaw sperm quality during cryopreservation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.856536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]],"date-time":"2022-03-31T15:38:11Z","timestamp":1648741091000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Reducing the Glucose Level in Pre-treatment Solution Improves Post-thaw Boar Sperm Quality"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Zhendong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weijing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rongnan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenxian","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854837","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/854837","article-title":"Human sperm cryopreservation: update on techniques, effect on DNA integrity, and implications for ART","volume":"2012","author":"Di Santo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv Urol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-35049-8_12","article-title":"Artificial Insemination in boar reproduction","volume-title":"Boar Reproduction: Fundamentals and New Biotechnological Trends.","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Gil","year":"2013"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.1997.9694758","article-title":"Fundamentals and recent development in cryopreservation of bull and boar semen","volume":"19","author":"Woelders","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vet Q."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2005.06.006","article-title":"Dissimilarities in sows' ovarian status at the insemination time could explain differences in fertility between farms when frozen-thawed semen is used","volume":"65","author":"Bolarin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Theriogenology."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.13389","article-title":"Preservation of boar semen: an update","volume":"54","author":"Pezo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reprod Domest Anim."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12569","article-title":"Recent advances in boar sperm cryopreservation: state of the art and current perspectives","volume":"50","author":"Yeste","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reprod Domest Anim."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2010.05.019","article-title":"Polymyxin B neutralizes bacteria-released endotoxin and improves the quality of boar sperm during liquid storage and cryopreservation","volume":"74","author":"Okazaki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Theriogenology."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(02)00947-0","article-title":"Field fertility with exported boar semen frozen in the new flatpack container","volume":"58","author":"Eriksson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Theriogenology."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2013.01.001","article-title":"Field fertility of frozen boar semen: a retrospective report comprising over 2600 AI services spanning a four year period","volume":"137","author":"Didion","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod19.1.69","article-title":"Distribution and morphology of fresh and frozen-thawed sperm in the reproductive tract of gilts after artificial insemination","volume":"19","author":"Pursel","year":"1978","journal-title":"Biol Reprod."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1387\/ijdb.072522bs","article-title":"Mammalian sperm metabolism: oxygen and sugar, friend and foe","volume":"52","author":"Storey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Dev Biol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.4103\/1008-682X.135123","article-title":"Oxidative phosphorylation versus glycolysis: what fuel do spermatozoa use","volume":"17","author":"du Plessis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian J Androl."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M500322-MCP200","article-title":"Proteomic profiling of accessory structures from the mouse sperm flagellum","volume":"5","author":"Cao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Cell Proteomics."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2012.02071.x","article-title":"What sperm can teach us about energy production","volume":"47","author":"Mukai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod Domestic Anim."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R163","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-13-0178","article-title":"Mitochondria functionality and sperm quality","volume":"146","author":"Amaral","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reproduction."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2018.03.024","article-title":"The sperm mitochondrion: organelle of many functions","volume":"194","author":"Moraes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00252","article-title":"Gene expression and protein synthesis in mitochondria enhance the duration of high-speed linear motility in boar sperm","volume":"10","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Physiol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669974","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.669974","article-title":"Metabolite profiling of pig seminal plasma identifies potential biomarkers for sperm resilience to liquid preservation","volume":"9","author":"Mateo-Otero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-0929.2012.01034.x","article-title":"New strategies of boar sperm cryopreservation: development of novel freezing and thawing methods with a focus on the roles of seminal plasma","volume":"83","author":"Okazaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim Sci J."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.4161\/org.5.3.9583","article-title":"The cryopreservation of composite tissues: principles and recent advancement on cryopreservation of different type of tissues","volume":"5","author":"Bakhach","year":"2009","journal-title":"Organogenesis."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imr.2016.12.001","article-title":"Cryopreservation and its clinical applications","volume":"6","author":"Jang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Integr Med Res."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5921503","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5921503","article-title":"Resveratrol improves boar sperm quality via 5 ' AMP-activated protein kinase activation during cryopreservation","volume":"2019","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0145383","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145383","article-title":"Vitamin E analogue improves rabbit sperm quality during the process of cryopreservation through its antioxidative action","volume":"10","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plos ONE."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2420","DOI":"10.1159\/000491616","article-title":"5'-AMP-activated protein kinase regulates goat sperm functions via energy metabolism in vitro","volume":"47","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Physiol Biochem."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2020.07.008","article-title":"Itaconate regulates the glycolysis\/pentose phosphate pathway transition to maintain boar sperm linear motility by regulating redox homeostasis","volume":"159","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00968","article-title":"glycogen synthase kinase-3 regulates sperm motility and acrosome reaction via affecting energy metabolism in goats","volume":"10","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Physiol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.24272\/j.issn.2095-8137.2020.074","article-title":"Metformin improves boar sperm quality via 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase-mediated energy metabolism in vitro","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zool Res."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2009.06.030","article-title":"Developmental sperm contributions: fertilization and beyond","volume":"92","author":"Barroso","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fertil Steril."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2015.07.009","article-title":"Artificial insemination in pigs today","volume":"85","author":"Knox","year":"2016","journal-title":"Theriogenology."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmi047","article-title":"Sperm transport in the female reproductive tract","volume":"12","author":"Suarez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2011.01218.x","article-title":"The role of mitochondria in energy production for human sperm motility","volume":"35","author":"Piomboni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Androl."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1606","article-title":"Nutrient-sensitized screening for drugs that shift energy metabolism from mitochondrial respiration to glycolysis","volume":"28","author":"Gohil","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20160094","article-title":"The Warburg effect: 80 years on","volume":"44","author":"Potter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem Soc Trans."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfm052","article-title":"Circumventing the Crabtree effect: replacing media glucose with galactose increases susceptibility of HepG2 cells to mitochondrial toxicants","volume":"97","author":"Marroquin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13493","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.13493","article-title":"Methyl-beta cyclodextrin and creatine work synergistically under hypoxic conditions to improve the fertilization ability of boar ejaculated sperm","volume":"91","author":"Umehara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim Sci J."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(94)90451-N","article-title":"Effect of time of insemination relative to ovulation on fertility with liquid and frozen boar semen","volume":"42","author":"Waberski","year":"1994","journal-title":"Theriogenology."},{"key":"B37","first-page":"41","article-title":"[Deep freezing of boar semen. Insemination results using the Hulsenberger pailleten procedure]","volume":"84","author":"Westendorf","year":"1977","journal-title":"Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.21451\/1984-3143-AR895","article-title":"State-of-the-art of boar sperm preservation in liquid and frozen state","volume":"14","author":"Yeste","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim Reprod."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.856536\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]],"date-time":"2022-03-31T15:38:14Z","timestamp":1648741094000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.856536\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2022.856536"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.856536","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]]},"article-number":"856536"}}