{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T17:26:44Z","timestamp":1793813204563,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]],"date-time":"2022-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015233","name":"Minnesota Invasive Terrestrial Plants and Pests Center, University of Minnesota","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015233","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Meningeal worm, or <jats:italic>Parelaphostrongylus tenuis<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>P. tenuis<\/jats:italic>) is a nematode parasite that can invade the nervous system of small ruminant and camelid species such as alpaca, llama, goats and sheep. Limited reports exist on the epidemiology of disease caused by the nematode in susceptible livestock. We examined archived necropsy reports from small ruminant and camelid mortalities that were submitted, post mortem, to the University of Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (MNVDL) during 2001\u20132019 for gross necropsy, histopathology, and pathogen screening. We estimated <jats:italic>P. tenuis<\/jats:italic>-induced mortality over time and developed temporal models to better understand patterns and drivers of <jats:italic>P. tenuis<\/jats:italic>-induced mortalities in these animals. During the period under examination, 5,617 goats, sheep, llamas and alpacas were necropsied, revealing an overall <jats:italic>P. tenuis<\/jats:italic>-induced mortality rate of 1.14% in the necropsy submission pool for these species. <jats:italic>P. tenuis<\/jats:italic>-induced mortality rates were highest in llamas (9.91%) and alpacas (5.33%) compared to sheep and goats (&amp;lt;1%), with rates in llamas and alpacas significantly higher than in sheep and goats. <jats:italic>P. tenuis-<\/jats:italic>induced mortalities exhibited one seasonal peak, around October to December. <jats:italic>P. tenuis<\/jats:italic>-induced mortality rates varied greatly between years, and have significantly increased over time. We also observed a positive correlation between summer temperature (range 20.4\u201322.4\u00b0C) and <jats:italic>P. tenuis-<\/jats:italic>induced mortality rates (range 0\u20133.9%), but not precipitation. This study demonstrates seasonal patterns and differences in mortality between alpacas, goats, llamas and sheep and helps us to better understand the epidemiology of <jats:italic>P. tenuis<\/jats:italic> mortality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.859028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]],"date-time":"2022-04-06T05:53:11Z","timestamp":1649224391000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Epidemiological Investigation of Meningeal Worm-Induced Mortalities in Small Ruminants and Camelids Over a 19 Year Period"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Charlena","family":"Keane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine M.","family":"Marchetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiz Gustavo R.","family":"Oliveira-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arno","family":"W\u00fcnschmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiffany M.","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1177\/030098586400100402","article-title":"Neurologic disease in moose infected experimentally with Pneumostrongylus tenuis from white-tailed deer","volume":"1","author":"Anderson","year":"1964","journal-title":"Vet Pathol."},{"key":"B2","first-page":"201","volume-title":"Georgis' Parasitology for Veterinarians","author":"Bowman","year":"2021"},{"key":"B3","first-page":"121","article-title":"Diversity and abundance of terrestrial gastropods in Voyageurs National Park, MN: implications for the risk of moose becoming infected with Parelaphostrongylus tenuis","volume":"50","author":"Cyr","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alces."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1139\/z68-055","article-title":"Gastropods as intermediate hosts of meningeal Pneumostrongylus tenuis dougherty of white-tailed deer","volume":"46","author":"Lankester","year":"1968","journal-title":"Can J Zool."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-15.1.37","article-title":"Cerebrospinal nematodiasis caused by Parelaphostrongylus tenuis in Angora goats in Texas","volume":"15","author":"Guthery","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis."},{"key":"B6","first-page":"784","article-title":"Cerebrospinal nematodiasis in sheep","volume":"166","author":"Alden","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc."},{"key":"B7","first-page":"335","volume-title":"Sheep, Goat and Cervid Medicine","author":"Pugh","year":"2020"},{"key":"B8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Considering weather-enhanced transmission of meningeal worm, Parelaphostrongylus tenuis, and moose declines","volume":"54","author":"Lankester","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alces."},{"key":"B9","first-page":"393","article-title":"Parelaphostrongylus tenuis and other parasitic diseases of the ruminant nervous system","volume-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract.","author":"Nagy","year":"2004"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638712471058","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid eosinophilia is a sensitive and specific test for the diagnosis of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis in camelids in the northeastern United States","volume":"25","author":"Pinn","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest."},{"key":"B11","first-page":"662","article-title":"Meningeal worm in central Iowa goat herds II: individual cases and treatment using a camelid therapeutic protocol","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iowa State University Animal Industry Report."},{"key":"B12","first-page":"13","article-title":"Meningeal worm in central Iowa goat herds","author":"Brooks","year":"2016","journal-title":"Iowa State University Animal Industry Report."},{"key":"B13","first-page":"390","article-title":"Experimentally induced meningeal worm (Parelaphostrongylus tenuis) infection in the llama (Lama glama): clinical evaluation and implications for parasite translocation","volume":"25","author":"Rickard","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med."},{"key":"B14","unstructured":""},{"key":"B15","unstructured":"Pdftools: Text Extraction, Rendering and Converting of PDF Documents. 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