{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T06:31:12Z","timestamp":1778740272392,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]],"date-time":"2022-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651536000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) not only poses a zoonotic threat to humans but also has a significant economic impact on livestock production in many areas of the world. Effective vaccines for humans, livestock, and wildlife are highly desirable to control tuberculosis. Suitable large animal models are indispensable for meaningful assessment of vaccine candidates. Here, we describe the refinement of an animal model for bTB in goats. Intrabronchial inoculation procedure <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> video-guided endoscopy in anesthetized animals, collection of lungs after intratracheal fixation <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>, and imaging of lungs by computed tomography (CT) were established in three goats using barium sulfate as surrogate inoculum. For subsequent infection experiments, four goats were infected with 4.7 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> colony-forming units of <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic> by intrabronchial inoculation using video-guided endoscopy with spray catheters. Defined amounts of inoculum were deposited at five sites per lung. Four age-matched goats were mock-inoculated. None of the goats developed clinical signs until they were euthanized 5 months post infection, but simultaneous skin testing confirmed bTB infection in all goats inoculated with <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>. In tissues collected at necropsy, <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic> was consistently re-isolated from granulomas in lymph nodes, draining the lungs of all the goats infected with <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>. Further dissemination was observed in one goat only. Pulmonary lesions were quantified by CT and digital 2D radiography (DR). CT revealed mineralized lesions in all the infected goats ranging from &amp;lt;5 mm to &amp;gt;10 mm in diameter. Small lesions &amp;lt;5 mm predominated. The DR failed to detect small lesions and to determine the exact location of lesions because of overlapping of pulmonary lobes. Relative volume of pulmonary lesions was low in three but high in one goat that also had extensive cavitation. CT lesions could be correlated to gross pathologic findings and histologic granuloma types in representative pulmonary lobes. In conclusion, video-guided intrabronchial inoculation with spray catheters, mimicking the natural way of infection, resulted in pulmonary infection of goats with <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>. CT, but not DR, presented as a highly sensitive method to quantify the extent of pulmonary lesions. This goat model of TB may serve as a model for testing TB vaccine efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.877322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]],"date-time":"2022-05-03T17:12:10Z","timestamp":1651597930000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Video Endoscopy-Guided Intrabronchial Spray Inoculation of Mycobacterium bovis in Goats and Comparative Assessment of Lung Lesions With Various Imaging Methods"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Nadine","family":"Wedlich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Figl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth M.","family":"Liebler-Tenorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heike","family":"K\u00f6hler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kerstin","family":"von P\u00fcckler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Rissmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Petow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefanie A.","family":"Barth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Reinhold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reiner","family":"Ulrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leander","family":"Grode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan H. E.","family":"Kaufmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Menge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-016-0963-2","article-title":"Risk for latent and active tuberculosis in Germany","volume":"45","author":"Herzmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.103616","article-title":"Control and eradication of tuberculosis in cattle: a systematic review of economic evidence","volume":"179","author":"Caminiti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Rec."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-020-00881-y","article-title":"Diagnosis of tuberculosis in wildlife: a systematic review","volume":"52","author":"Thomas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Res."},{"key":"B4","volume-title":"Global Tuberculosis Report 2020","year":"2020"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12868","article-title":"Global prevalence of Mycobacterium bovis infections among human tuberculosis cases: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"68","author":"Taye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12092","article-title":"Overview of vaccination trials for control of tuberculosis in cattle, wildlife and humans","volume":"60","author":"Buddle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2013.04.006","article-title":"Tuberculosis vaccines: time to think about the next generation","volume":"25","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin Immunol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2014.04.015","article-title":"Vaccination of domestic animals against tuberculosis: review of progress and contributions to the field of the TBSTEP project","volume":"97","author":"Vordermeier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S1472-9792(02)00063-X","article-title":"Immune response to tuberculosis: experimental animal models","volume":"83","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00354","article-title":"The small breathing amplitude at the upper lobes favors the attraction of polymorph nuclear neutrophils to Mycobacterium tuberculosis lesions and helps to understand the evolution toward active disease in an individual-based model","volume":"7","author":"Cardona","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eimce.2017.10.009","article-title":"Pathogenesis of tuberculosis and other mycobacteriosis","volume":"36","author":"Cardona","year":"2018","journal-title":"EnfermInfecc Microbiol Clin"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"018564","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a018564","article-title":"Modeling tuberculosis in nonhuman primates","volume":"4","author":"Scanga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cold Spring HarbPerspect Med."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.05323-11","article-title":"Experimental model of tuberculosis in the domestic goat after endobronchial infection with Mycobacterium caprae","volume":"18","author":"de Val Perez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2014.03.017","article-title":"Pathology of bovine tuberculosis","volume":"97","author":"Domingo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-4488(02)00243-2","article-title":"The goat as an experimental ruminant model for tuberculosis infection","volume":"47","author":"Ramirez","year":"2003","journal-title":"Small Ruminant Res."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001080203","article-title":"A study of the subgross pulmonary anatomy in various mammals","volume":"108","author":"McLaughlin","year":"1961","journal-title":"Am J Anat"},{"key":"B17","first-page":"557s","article-title":"Comparative anatomy of the tracheobronchial circulation","volume":"12","author":"Magno","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2006001","article-title":"MALT structure and function in farm animals","volume":"37","author":"Liebler-Tenorio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1053\/jcpa.2000.0397","article-title":"Immunophenotypical characterization of the lymphocyte infiltrate in caprine pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"123","author":"Seva","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2010.12.006","article-title":"Microscopical and immunological features of tuberculoid granulomata and cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis in naturally infected goats","volume":"145","author":"Sanchez","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2013.05.006","article-title":"Experimental aerosol Mycobacterium bovis model of infection in goats","volume":"93","author":"Gonzalez-Juarrero","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2009.07.018","article-title":"Experimental infection with Mycobacterium caprae in goats and evaluation of immunological status in tuberculosis and paratuberculosis co-infected animals","volume":"133","author":"Bezos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e81317","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081317","article-title":"A multi-antigenic adenoviral-vectored vaccine improves BCG-induced protection of goats against pulmonary tuberculosis infection and prevents disease progression","volume":"8","author":"Perez de Val","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2016.11.006","article-title":"Drivers of airborne human-to-human pathogen transmission","volume":"22","author":"Herfst","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2017.04.006","article-title":"Evaluation of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis SO2 vaccine using a natural tuberculosis infection model in goats","volume":"223","author":"Bezos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet J."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-019-0702-7","article-title":"Evaluation of the immunogenicity and efficacy of BCG and MTBVAC vaccines using a natural transmission model of tuberculosis","volume":"50","author":"Roy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Res."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655404","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.655404","article-title":"Innovative diagnostic endoscopy in inflammatory bowel diseases: from high-definition to molecular endoscopy","volume":"8","author":"Bojarski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Med."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.3892\/mco.2020.1999","article-title":"Intrathoracic aerosol chemotherapy via spray-catheter","volume":"12","author":"Khosrawipour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0196948","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0196948","article-title":"Efficacy of parenteral vaccination against tuberculosis with heat-inactivated Mycobacterium bovis in experimentally challenged goats","volume":"13","author":"Arrieta-Villegas","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.07.019","article-title":"CD80 and CD86, but not CD154, augment DNA vaccine-induced protection in experimental bovine tuberculosis","volume":"23","author":"Maue","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vaccine."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2009.00784.x","article-title":"Mechanisms of costimulation","volume":"229","author":"Sharpe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunol Rev."},{"key":"B32","first-page":"818","article-title":"Differentiation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex by PCR amplification of genomic regions of difference","volume":"10","author":"Warren","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2010.10.019","article-title":"Computed tomography measurements of thoracic structures in 26 clinically normal goats","volume":"92","author":"Ohlerth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9060472","article-title":"Development and challenges in animal tuberculosis vaccination","volume":"9","author":"Balseiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00275-12","article-title":"Goats primed with Mycobacterium bovis BCG and boosted with a recombinant adenovirus expressing Ag85A show enhanced protection against tuberculosis","volume":"19","author":"Perez de Val","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51557","DOI":"10.3791\/51557","article-title":"The bovine lung in biomedical research: visually guided bronchoscopy, intrabronchial inoculation and in vivo sampling techniques","volume":"89","author":"Prohl","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vis Exp."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00302","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00302-18","article-title":"2018 Mycobacterium bovis persistence in two different captive wild animal populations in Germany: a longitudinal molecular epidemiological study revealing pathogen transmission by whole-genome sequencing","volume":"56","author":"Kohl","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-3-12","article-title":"Rapid detection of Mycobacterium bovis DNA in cattle lymph nodes with visible lesions using PCR","volume":"3","author":"Taylor","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2492","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00442-12","article-title":"Rapid spoligotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex bacteria by use of a microarray system with automatic data processing and assignment","volume":"50","author":"Ruettger","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-144-5-1189","article-title":"Genetic diversity in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex based on variable numbers of tandem DNA repeats","volume":"144","author":"Frothingham","year":"1998","journal-title":"Microbiol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4498","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01392-06","article-title":"Proposal for standardization of optimized mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable-number tandem repeat typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"44","author":"Supply","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2005.05.001","article-title":"Advanced granulomatous lesions in Mycobacterium bovis-infected cattle are associated with increased expression of type I procollagen, gammadelta (WC1+) T cells and CD 68+ cells","volume":"133","author":"Wangoo","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2012.06.010","article-title":"Histological and immunohistochemical characterisation of Mycobacterium bovis induced granulomas in naturally infected fallow deer (Damadama)","volume":"149","author":"Garcia-Jimenez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol."},{"key":"B44","unstructured":"Tuberkulose der Rinder: Mycobacterium bovis und Mycobacterium caprae. In: AmtlicheMethode und Falldefinition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health2021"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2015.07.009","article-title":"Goats challenged with different members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex display different clinical pictures","volume":"167","author":"Bezos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01420","article-title":"Analysis of genetic variation in the bovine SLC11A1 gene, its influence on the expression of NRAMP1 and potential association with resistance to bovine tuberculosis","volume":"11","author":"Holder","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Microbiol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.03.068","article-title":"Ag85A-specific CD4(+) T cell lines derived after boosting BCG-vaccinated cattle with Ad5-85A possess both mycobacterial growth inhibition and anti-inflammatory properties","volume":"36","author":"Metcalfe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2270","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.6.2270-2272.2002","article-title":"Infection of red deer, cattle, and humans with Mycobacterium bovis subsp. caprae in western Austria","volume":"40","author":"Prodinger","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02966-12","article-title":"Region of difference 4 in alpine Mycobacterium caprae isolates indicates three variants","volume":"51","author":"Domogalla","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12438","article-title":"The region of difference four is a robust genetic marker for subtyping Mycobacterium caprae isolates and is linked to spatial distribution of three subtypes","volume":"64","author":"Rettinger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12242","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovisin humans and cattle","volume":"63","author":"El-Sayed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2007.04.003","article-title":"Experimental exposure of cattle to a precise aerosolized challenge of Mycobacterium bovis: a novel model to study bovine tuberculosis","volume":"87","author":"Rodgers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tuberculosis."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5288(95)90023-3","article-title":"Protection of cattle from bovine tuberculosis by vaccination with BCG by the respiratory or subcutaneous route, but not by vaccination with killed Mycobacterium vaccae","volume":"59","author":"Buddle","year":"1995","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031","article-title":"The pathogenesis and pathology of bovine tuberculosis with insights from studies of tuberculosis in humans and laboratory animal models","volume":"112","author":"Cassidy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2016","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.TBTB2-0017-2016","article-title":"Experimental infection models of tuberculosis in domestic livestock","volume":"4","author":"Buddle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e43207","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043207","article-title":"Development and characterization of a caprine aerosol infection model of melioidosis","volume":"7","author":"Soffler","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v84i1.499","article-title":"Intravenous anaesthesia in goats: a review","volume":"84","author":"Dzikiti","year":"2013","journal-title":"J South African Vet Assoc."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2005.09.002","article-title":"Endoscopic examination of the upper respiratory tract and oesophagus in small ruminants: technique and normal appearance","volume":"173","author":"Stierschneider","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2008.03.003","article-title":"Experimental tuberculosis in the European badger (Melesmeles) after endobronchial inoculation with Mycobacterium bovis: II. Progression of infection","volume":"85","author":"Corner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3364","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00287-09","article-title":"Viral booster vaccines improve Mycobacterium bovis BCG-induced protection against bovine tuberculosis","volume":"77","author":"Vordermeier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect Immun"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.877322\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]],"date-time":"2022-05-03T17:12:16Z","timestamp":1651597936000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.877322\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]]},"references-count":60,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2022.877322"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.877322","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]]},"article-number":"877322"}}