{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T11:40:11Z","timestamp":1769946011118,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>A retrospective study was conducted on parrots submitted from necropsy to the Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Biosciences and Veterinary, University of Camerino, Italy, from 2007 to 2018. From a total of 2,153 parrots examined at post-mortem, four cases were diagnosed with atypical mycosis and were considered for determination of the fungus species by PCR. A Fischer's lovebird (<jats:italic>Agapornis fischeri<\/jats:italic>), Peach-faced lovebirds (<jats:italic>Agapornis roseicollis<\/jats:italic>), and two Blue and Gold Macaws (<jats:italic>Ara ararauna<\/jats:italic>) from four different aviaries died after some days of lethargy and ruffled feathers. Records of gross necropsy and histopathological exams (H&amp;amp;E, PAS, and Grocott stain) were described and biomolecular analyses were carried out. No specific gross lesions were appreciated at necropsy, while histopathology evidenced a systemic mycosis in several organs, particularly in the lungs. In affected organs, broad and non-septate hyphae, suggestive of mycoses, were observed. Molecularly, <jats:italic>Mucor racemosus<\/jats:italic> (Fischer's lovebird) and <jats:italic>M. circinelloides<\/jats:italic> (Peach-faced lovebirds) were identified from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) lung and liver tissue. In addition, <jats:italic>Alternaria alternata<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Fusicladium<\/jats:italic> spp. (respectively in male and female Blue and Gold macaws) were identified in FFPE tissue from several organs; whereas the role of <jats:italic>Mucor<\/jats:italic> spp. as true pathogens is well-demonstrated, and the behavior of <jats:italic>A. alternata<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Fusicladium<\/jats:italic> spp. in macaws as opportunistic pathogens have been discussed. To our knowledge, this report is the first one reporting mucormycosis caused by <jats:italic>M. racemosus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>M. circinelloides<\/jats:italic> in lovebirds, and <jats:italic>A. alternata<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Fusicladium<\/jats:italic> spp. in macaws.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.883276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T13:15:31Z","timestamp":1652361331000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Atypical Mycosis in Psittacine Birds: A Retrospective 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