{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T23:41:30Z","timestamp":1793922090125,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":200,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]],"date-time":"2022-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655769600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32172899"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32172899"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Feline idiopathic cystitis is a widespread disease in small animal clinics, which mainly presents with urinary signs like dysuria, stranguria, hematuria, pollakiuria, and periuria. The etiopathogenesis of the disease may involve interactions between the environmental stressors, neuroendocrine system and bladder of affected cats. Diagnostic biomarkers have not been tested in clinical studies though they are theoretically feasible, and since the clinical signs of the disease assemble those of other feline lower urinary diseases, its diagnosis is a procedure of exclusion. The primary treatment of the disease is long-term multimodal environmental modification (or enrichment) while anti-anxiety drugs and nutritional supplements are recommended for chronic recurrent cases. Still, many medicines need to be evaluated for their efficacy and safety. This review aims to provide readers with a comprehensive understanding of feline idiopathic cystitis by summarizing and updating studies concerning the prevalence, risk factors, etiological hypotheses, diagnostic procedures, possible treatments, and prognosis of the disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.900847","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]],"date-time":"2022-06-22T02:53:45Z","timestamp":1655866425000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Prevalence, Risk Factors, Pathophysiology, Potential Biomarkers and Management of Feline Idiopathic Cystitis: An Update Review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Chengxi","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihui","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gebin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuaiyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1996.209.03.582","article-title":"Risk factors for relinquishment of cats to an animal shelter","volume":"209","author":"Patronek","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc."},{"key":"B2","first-page":"193","article-title":"Interaction effects of epidemiologic factors in the feline urological syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Willeberg","year":"1976","journal-title":"Nord Vet Med."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(84)50053-9","article-title":"Epidemiology of naturally occurring feline urologic syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Willeberg","year":"1984","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2017.12.007","article-title":"Vertical or horizontal? 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