{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T00:30:09Z","timestamp":1793665809214,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]],"date-time":"2022-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FOR 2591, GZ: PO681\/9-1 and 9-2, BL 953\/11-1 and 11-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FOR 2591, GZ: PO681\/9-1 and 9-2, BL 953\/11-1 and 11-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Several studies suggested an informative value of behavioral and grimace scale parameters for the detection of pain. However, the robustness and reliability of the parameters as well as the current extent of implementation are still largely unknown. In this study, we aimed to systematically analyze the current evidence-base of grimace scale, burrowing, and nest building for the assessment of post-surgical pain in mice and rats. The following platforms were searched for relevant articles: PubMed, Embase\n                    <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>\n                    Ovid, and Web of Science. Only full peer-reviewed studies that describe the grimace scale, burrowing, and\/or nest building as pain parameters in the post-surgical phase in mice and\/or rats were included. Information about the study design, animal characteristics, intervention characteristics, and outcome measures was extracted from identified publications. In total, 74 papers were included in this review. The majority of studies have been conducted in young adult C57BL\/6J mice and Sprague Dawley and Wistar rats. While there is an apparent lack of information about young animals, some studies that analyzed the grimace scale in aged rats were identified. The majority of studies focused on laparotomy-associated pain. Only limited information is available about other types of surgical interventions. While an impact of surgery and an influence of analgesia were rather consistently reported in studies focusing on grimace scales, the number of studies that assessed respective effects was rather low for nest building and burrowing. Moreover, controversial findings were evident for the impact of analgesics on post-surgical nest building activity. Regarding analgesia, a monotherapeutic approach was identified in the vast majority of studies with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) drugs and opioids being most commonly used. In conclusion, most evidence exists for grimace scales, which were more frequently used to assess post-surgical pain in rodents than the other behavioral parameters. However, our findings also point to relevant knowledge gaps concerning the post-surgical application in different strains, age levels, and following different surgical procedures. Future efforts are also necessary to directly compare the sensitivity and robustness of different readout parameters applied for the assessment of nest building and burrowing activities.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.930005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,7]],"date-time":"2022-10-07T06:05:20Z","timestamp":1665122720000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Grimace scale, burrowing, and nest building for the assessment of post-surgical pain in mice and rats\u2014A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Katharina","family":"Aulehner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cathalijn","family":"Leenaars","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Verena","family":"Buchecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Stirling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Sch\u00f6nhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"H\u00e4ger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ines","family":"Koska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulin","family":"Jirkof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Bleich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Bankstahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidrun","family":"Potschka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"Working Document on a Severity Assessment Framework","author":"European","year":"2012"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/0023677217744587","article-title":"Classification and reporting of severity experienced by animals used in scientific procedures: felasa\/eclam\/eslav working group report","volume":"52","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lab Anim."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2015.09.007","article-title":"Opportunities for improving animal welfare in rodent models of epilepsy and seizures","volume":"260","author":"Lidster","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1258\/002367797780600198","article-title":"Happy animals make good science","volume":"31","author":"Poole","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lab Anim."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-66147-2_5","article-title":"Effects of untreated pain, anesthesia, and analgesia in animal experimentation","volume-title":"Experimental Design and Reproducibility in Preclinical Animal Studies","author":"Jirkof","year":"2021"},{"key":"B6","volume-title":"The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique","author":"Russell","year":"1959"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.2527\/1997.751266x","article-title":"Assessment of acute pain in farm animals using behavioral and physiological measurements","volume":"75","author":"Molony","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2010.00165","article-title":"Burrowing behavior as an indicator of post-laparotomy pain in mice","volume":"4","author":"Jirkof","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2014.02.001","article-title":"Burrowing and nest building behavior as indicators of well-being in mice","volume":"234","author":"Jirkof","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.30802\/AALAS-CM-19-000042","article-title":"A review of pain assessment methods in laboratory rodents","volume":"69","author":"Turner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comp Med."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1163\/25889567-BJA10001","article-title":"Do \u201cprey species\u201d hide their pain? 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