{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T13:25:00Z","timestamp":1784813100111,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DEB-1413925"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEB-1413925"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DEB-1654609"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEB-1654609"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DEB-2030509"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEB-2030509"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32OD010993"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32OD010993"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Identifying drivers of transmission\u2014especially of emerging pathogens\u2014is a formidable challenge for proactive disease management efforts. While close social interactions can be associated with microbial sharing between individuals, and thereby imply dynamics important for transmission, such associations can be obscured by the influences of factors such as shared diets or environments. Directly-transmitted viral agents, specifically those that are rapidly evolving such as many RNA viruses, can allow for high-resolution inference of transmission, and therefore hold promise for elucidating not only which individuals transmit to each other, but also drivers of those transmission events. Here, we tested a novel approach in the Florida panther, which is affected by several directly-transmitted feline retroviruses. We first inferred the transmission network for an apathogenic, directly-transmitted retrovirus, feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), and then used exponential random graph models to determine drivers structuring this network. We then evaluated the utility of these drivers in predicting transmission of the analogously transmitted, pathogenic agent, feline leukemia virus (FeLV), and compared FIV-based predictions of outbreak dynamics against empirical FeLV outbreak data. FIV transmission was primarily driven by panther age class and distances between panther home range centroids. FIV-based modeling predicted FeLV dynamics similarly to common modeling approaches, but with evidence that FIV-based predictions captured the spatial structuring of the observed FeLV outbreak. While FIV-based predictions of FeLV transmission performed only marginally better than standard approaches, our results highlight the value of proactively identifying drivers of transmission\u2014even based on analogously-transmitted, apathogenic agents\u2014in order to predict transmission of emerging infectious agents. The identification of underlying drivers of transmission, such as through our workflow here, therefore holds promise for improving predictions of pathogen transmission in novel host populations, and could provide new strategies for proactive pathogen management in human and animal systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.940007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T07:15:07Z","timestamp":1662621307000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Apathogenic proxies for transmission dynamics of a fatal virus"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Marie L. J.","family":"Gilbertson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas M.","family":"Fountain-Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Malmberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roderick B.","family":"Gagne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin S.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Kraberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Kechejian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raegan","family":"Petch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elliott S.","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dave","family":"Onorato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark W.","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin R.","family":"Crooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. Chris","family":"Funk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Carver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sue","family":"VandeWoude","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"VanderWaal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meggan E.","family":"Craft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198545996.001.0001","volume-title":"Infectious Diseases of Humans: Dynamics and Control","author":"Anderson","year":"1991"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aam8335","article-title":"Opportunities and challenges in modeling emerging infectious diseases","volume":"357","author":"Metcalf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2009.1775","article-title":"Who infects whom? Social networks and tuberculosis transmission in wild Meerkats","volume":"277","author":"Drewe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8733(95)00268-S","article-title":"Concurrent partnerships and transmission dynamics in networks","volume":"17","author":"Morris","year":"1995","journal-title":"Soc Networks."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2825","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1008895108","article-title":"Role of social networks in shaping disease transmission during a community outbreak of 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza","volume":"108","author":"Cauchemez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676949","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/676949","article-title":"Network models: an underutilized tool in wildlife epidemiology?","volume":"2011","author":"Craft","year":"2011","journal-title":"Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2005.0051","article-title":"Networks and epidemic models","volume":"2","author":"Keeling","year":"2005","journal-title":"J R Soc Interface."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01343","article-title":"Modelling vaccination strategies against foot-and-mouth disease","volume":"421","author":"Keeling","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1177345","article-title":"Epidemic dynamics at the human-animal interface","volume":"326","author":"Lloyd-Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc3189","article-title":"Ecology and economics for pandemic prevention","volume":"369","author":"Dobson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2013.07.013","article-title":"The economic impacts of foot and mouth disease\u2013What are they, how big are they and where do they occur?","volume":"112","author":"Knight-Jones","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-24.3.385","article-title":"Canine distemper in black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes) from Wyoming","volume":"24","author":"Williams","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1038\/379441a0","article-title":"A canine distemper virus epidemic in Serengeti lions (Panthera leo)","volume":"379","author":"Roelke-Parker","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-32.1.80","article-title":"Rabies and mortality in Ethiopian wolves (Canis simensis)","volume":"32","author":"Sillero-Zubiri","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4386","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2012.05653.x","article-title":"Social networks and the spread of Salmonella in a sleepy lizard population","volume":"21","author":"Bull","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Ecol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5193","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02743-12","article-title":"Mother-offspring transmission and age-dependent accumulation of simian foamy virus in wild chimpanzees","volume":"87","author":"Blasse","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Virol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e93408","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0093408","article-title":"The influence of social structure, habitat, and host traits on the transmission of Escherichia coli in wild elephants","volume":"9","author":"Chiyo","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.12088","article-title":"High temporal variability in commensal Escherichia coli strain communities of a herbivorous marsupial","volume":"15","author":"Blyton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1254529","article-title":"Longitudinal analysis of microbial interaction between humans and the indoor environment","volume":"345","author":"Lax","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00458","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.00458","article-title":"Cohabiting family members share microbiota with one another and with their dogs","volume":"2","author":"Song","year":"2013","journal-title":"Elife."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12137","article-title":"Linking social and pathogen transmission networks using microbial genetics in giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis)","volume":"83","author":"VanderWaal","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Anim Ecol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12898-016-0059-y","article-title":"Social structure and Escherichia coli sharing in a group-living wild primate, Verreaux's sifaka","volume":"16","author":"Springer","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Ecol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2015.07.008","article-title":"Social behavior and the microbiome","volume":"6","author":"Archie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Behav Sci."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.35.1.2433","article-title":"Using genomics data to reconstruct transmission trees during disease outbreaks","volume":"35","author":"Hall","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev Sci Tech."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1163\/1568539X-00003471","article-title":"Incorporating genomic methods into contact networks to reveal new insights into animal behaviour and infectious disease dynamics","volume":"155","author":"Gilbertson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behaviour."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12300","article-title":"Not all types of host contacts are equal when it comes to E. coli transmission","volume":"17","author":"Blyton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol Lett."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2008.08.008","article-title":"Infecting epidemiology with genetics: a new frontier in disease ecology","volume":"24","author":"Archie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1890\/15-0445","article-title":"Pathogen exposure varies widely among sympatric populations of wild and domestic felids across the United States","volume":"26","author":"Carver","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol Appl."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-44.3.537","article-title":"Epizootiology and management of feline leukemia virus in the Florida puma","volume":"44","author":"Cunningham","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis."},{"key":"B30","first-page":"e00538","article-title":"Variation in intra-individual lentiviral evolution rates: a systematic review of human, nonhuman primate, and felid species","volume-title":"J Virol","author":"Krakoff","year":"2019"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1402.070981","article-title":"Genetic characterization of feline leukemia virus from Florida panthers","volume":"14","author":"Brown","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2501.181347","article-title":"Multiple introductions of domestic cat feline leukemia virus in endangered Florida panthers","volume":"25","author":"Chiu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B33","volume-title":"Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat","author":"Greene","year":"2012"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2684","DOI":"10.3390\/v4112684","article-title":"Clinical aspects of feline retroviruses: a review","volume":"4","author":"Hartmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Viruses."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/wmon.1041","article-title":"Dynamics, persistence, and genetic management of the endangered Florida panther population","volume":"203","author":"Van De Kerk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wildlife Monogr."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20191689","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2019.1689","article-title":"Altered lentiviral infection dynamics follow genetic rescue of the Florida panther","volume":"286","author":"Malmberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.12438","article-title":"Endangered Florida panther population size determined from public reports of motor vehicle collision mortalities","volume":"52","author":"McClintock","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Appl Ecol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msx304","article-title":"PHYLOSCANNER: inferring transmission from within- and between-host pathogen genetic diversity","volume":"35","author":"Wymant","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2017.08.005","article-title":"Understanding animal social structure: exponential random graph models in animal behaviour research","volume":"132","author":"Silk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim Behav."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v024.i04","article-title":"Specification of exponential-family random graph models: terms and computational aspects","volume":"24","author":"Morris","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Stat Softw."},{"key":"B41","unstructured":"USA Urban Areas (FeatureServer)"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.2193\/0022-541X(2005)69[1346:QHOTIO]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Quantifying home-range overlap: the importance of the utilization distribution","volume":"69","author":"Fieberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Wildl Manage."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2006.03.017","article-title":"The package adehabitat for the R software: tool for the analysis of space and habitat use by animals","volume":"197","author":"Calenge","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecol Modell."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"nihpa54860","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v024.i03","article-title":"ergm: a package to fit, simulate and diagnose exponential-family models for networks","volume":"24","author":"Hunter","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"B45","unstructured":"2018"},{"key":"B46","volume-title":"Desert Puma: Evolutionary Ecology And Conservation Of An Enduring Carnivore","author":"Logan","year":"2001"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1192891","article-title":"Genetic restoration of the Florida panther","volume":"329","author":"Johnson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20140107","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0107","article-title":"Infectious disease transmission and contact networks in wildlife and livestock","volume":"370","author":"Craft","year":"2015","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1093\/cz\/zow080","article-title":"Social interactions in a solitary carnivore","volume":"63","author":"Elbroch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Zool."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X20941785","article-title":"Feline leukaemia virus infection: a practical approach to diagnosis","volume":"22","author":"Hofmann-Lehmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v024.i01","article-title":"statnet: Software tools for the representation, visualization, analysis and simulation of network data","volume":"24","author":"Handcock","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Stat Softw."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2008.04.011","article-title":"A methodology for performing global uncertainty and sensitivity analysis in systems biology","volume":"254","author":"Marino","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Theor Biol."},{"key":"B53","article-title":"lhs: Latin hypercube samples","volume-title":"R package version 0.10","author":"Carnell","year":"2012"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1080\/03610929708831995","article-title":"A spatial scan statistic","volume":"26","author":"Kulldorff","year":"1997","journal-title":"Commun Stat Theor Meth."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1990.tb01773.x","article-title":"Spatial clustering for inhomogeneous populations","volume":"52","author":"Cuzick","year":"1990","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc."},{"key":"B56","unstructured":"2020"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00339","article-title":"An introductory framework for choosing spatiotemporal analytical tools in population-level eco-epidemiological research","volume":"7","author":"Kanankege","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B58","unstructured":"Classification and Regression by randomForest1822 LiawA WienerM 10.1057\/9780230509993R News22002"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1007457","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1007457","article-title":"A mechanistic, stigmergy model of territory formation in solitary animals: Territorial behavior can dampen disease prevalence but increase persistence","volume":"16","author":"White","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7727","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00473-14","article-title":"Evolution of puma lentivirus in bobcats (Lynx rufus) and mountain lions (Puma concolor) in North America","volume":"88","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Virol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-01548-2","article-title":"Host relatedness and landscape connectivity shape pathogen spread in the puma, a large secretive carnivore","volume":"4","author":"Fountain-Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun Biol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01558","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.1558","article-title":"Is pathogen exposure spatially autocorrelated? Patterns of pathogens in puma (Puma concolor) and bobcat (Lynx rufus)","volume":"7","author":"Gilbertson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecosphere."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jhered\/esz001","article-title":"The expectations and challenges of wildlife disease research in the era of genomics: forecasting with a horizon scan-like exercise","volume-title":"J Hered","author":"Fitak","year":"2019"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05177","article-title":"Low-coverage vaccination strategies for the conservation of endangered species","volume":"443","author":"Haydon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0232705","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232705","article-title":"Vaccination and monitoring strategies for epidemic prevention and detection in the Channel Island fox (Urocyon littoralis)","volume":"15","author":"Sanchez","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2008.01576.x","article-title":"Host culling as an adaptive management tool for chronic wasting disease in white-tailed deer: a modelling study","volume":"46","author":"Wasserberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Appl Ecol."},{"key":"B67","volume-title":"Adaptive Management of Natural Resources: Theory, Concepts, and Management Institutions","author":"Stankey","year":"2005"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2060","DOI":"10.2307\/1938620","article-title":"Large-scale management experiments and learning by doing","volume":"71","author":"Walters","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ecology."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.14165","article-title":"Paradoxes and synergies: optimizing management of a deadly virus in an endangered carnivore","volume":"59","author":"Gilbertson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Appl Ecol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20140349","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2014.0349","article-title":"Network-based vaccination improves prospects for disease control in wild chimpanzees","volume":"11","author":"Rushmore","year":"2014","journal-title":"J R Soc Interface."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2009.01306.x","article-title":"Does elevated testosterone result in increased exposure and transmission of parasites?","volume":"12","author":"Grear","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecol Lett."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.45","article-title":"Pathways to zoonotic spillover","volume":"15","author":"Plowright","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2012.01836.x","article-title":"Model-guided fieldwork: practical guidelines for multidisciplinary research on wildlife ecological and epidemiological dynamics","volume":"15","author":"Restif","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecol Lett."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2016.00044","article-title":"Parameter values for epidemiological models of foot-and-mouth disease in swine","volume":"3","author":"Kinsley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2017.066","article-title":"Multiplex PCR method for MinION and Illumina sequencing of Zika and other virus genomes directly from clinical samples","volume":"12","author":"Quick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Protoc."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-018-1618-7","article-title":"An amplicon-based sequencing framework for accurately measuring intrahost virus diversity using PrimalSeq and iVar","volume":"20","author":"Grubaugh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12751","article-title":"Linking social and spatial networks to viral community phylogenetics reveals subtype-specific transmission dynamics in African lions","volume":"86","author":"Fountain-Jones","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Anim Ecol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3777","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.7.3777-3791.2004","article-title":"Patterns of feline immunodeficiency virus multiple infection and genome divergence in a free-ranging population of African lions","volume":"78","author":"Troyer","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Virol."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1214\/12-EJS696","article-title":"Exponential-family random graph models for valued networks","volume":"6","author":"Krivitsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Electron J Stat."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.13412","article-title":"Effects of social structure and management on risk of disease establishment in wild pigs","volume":"90","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Anim Ecol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.940007\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,26]],"date-time":"2023-11-26T18:27:08Z","timestamp":1701023228000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.940007\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]},"references-count":80,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2022.940007"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.940007","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]},"article-number":"940007"}}