{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T14:22:22Z","timestamp":1784902942112,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]],"date-time":"2022-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tick infestation remains one of the major health problems that affect the productivity and comfort of camels. The control of ticks mainly relies on using chemical acaracides. Limited information is available on the potential benefits and activity of various neem extracts on <jats:italic>Hyalomma<\/jats:italic> ticks. The present study investigated the acaricidal activity of neem seed extracts at different concentrations against developmental stages of the camel tick <jats:italic>Hyalomma dromedarii<\/jats:italic> in comparison to Butox and diazinon. The acaricidal activity of three extracts, namely, hexane extract (HE), methyl chloride extract (MCE), and methanol extract (ME), of neem seeds (<jats:italic>Azadirachta indica<\/jats:italic>) were tested at varying concentrations of 5, 10, 15, and 20% on engorged <jats:italic>H. dromedarii<\/jats:italic> female ticks at days 1, 3, 5, 7, 12, 16, 20, 28, 37, and 43 after treatment (DPT). Interestingly, results of applying different neem seed extracts to engorged <jats:italic>H. dromedarii<\/jats:italic> female ticks showed that the most effective extract was hexane at concentration 20%, causing 100% mortality at 1st day post-application, while methanol extract at 20% and dichloromethane extract at 20% caused the death of all ticks at 28th day posttreatment as compared to Butox<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> 5.0 and Diazinon-60, which resulted in mortality of all ticks at 3 and 5 DPT, respectively. In addition, no mortality was reported with the application of aqueous extract (AE), which served as the control group. Furthermore, the neem hexane extract exhibited high efficacy against reproductive performance of female ticks, whereas no fertility or oviposition was reported at all of their concentrations. Additionally, no hatchability occurred using all neem extracts, except the aqueous extract, which showing no effect. In the present study, larvae responded more rapidly to the plant extracts, whereas mortality of all larvae was recorded at 24 h after treatment with 5% hexane. Taken together, this study pointed out that the acaricidal effect of hexane extract of neem seeds was more effective and could be economically used for controlling <jats:italic>H. dromedarii<\/jats:italic> ticks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.946702","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]],"date-time":"2022-07-22T10:47:59Z","timestamp":1658486879000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Acaricidal Properties of Four Neem Seed Extracts (Azadirachta indica) on the Camel Tick Hyalomma dromedarii (Acari: Ixodidae)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Gareh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalia","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asmaa","family":"Essa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saber","family":"Kotb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Karmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abou El-Hamd H.","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abeer Mousa","family":"Alkhaibari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elzahara","family":"Elbaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nagwa M.","family":"Elhawary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman A. A.","family":"Hassanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maha S.","family":"Lokman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatma A.","family":"El-Gohary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ehab Kotb","family":"Elmahallawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.5455\/javar.2015.b109","article-title":"Sarcoptic mange of camel in upper Egypt: prevalence, risk assessment, and control measures","volume":"2","author":"Kotb","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Adv Vet Anim Res."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1111\/age.12858","article-title":"Old world camels in a modern world - a balancing act between conservation and genetic improvement","volume":"50","author":"Burger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim Genet."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13002-015-0040-4","article-title":"Ethnoveterinary of Sahrawi pastoralists of Western Sahara: camel diseases and remedies","volume":"11","author":"Volpato","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Ethnobiol Ethnomed."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10091485","article-title":"Epidemiological and histopathological investigation of sarcoptic mange in camels in Egypt","volume":"10","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci7040162","article-title":"Epidemiological and histopathological investigation of Sarcocystis spp. in slaughtered dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Egypt","volume":"7","author":"Gareh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Sci."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750640","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.750640","article-title":"Epidemiological, morphometric, and molecular investigation of cystic echinococcosis in camel and cattle from upper Egypt: current status and zoonotic implications","volume":"8","author":"Gareh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B7","first-page":"51","article-title":"Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) infesting camels in El Butana area mid-central sudan","volume":"25","author":"El Tigani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sudan J Vet Res."},{"key":"B8","first-page":"42","article-title":"Prevalence and risk determinants of ixodid tick infestation of cattle in Beni- suef governorate, Egypt","author":"El-Gohary","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Vet Anim Sci."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1107.050194","article-title":"Wildlife trade and global disease emergence","volume":"11","author":"Karesh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed3010003","article-title":"Tick-, flea-, and louse-borne diseases of public health and veterinary significance in Nigeria","volume":"3","author":"Oguntomole","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis."},{"key":"B11","first-page":"359","article-title":"The efficacy of different acaricides against the hard tick Dermacentor marginatus on infested sheep","volume":"58","author":"Constantin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Med."},{"key":"B12","first-page":"89","article-title":"Frequency of hard-ticks and the influence of age and sex of camel on ticks' infestation rates in one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) population in the northeast of Iran","volume":"14","author":"Champour","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci Parasitol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-017-0164-4","article-title":"Genetic and phylogenetic analysis of the ticks from the Sinai Massif, Egypt, and their possible role in the transmission of Babesia behnkei","volume":"72","author":"Alsarraf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp Appl Acarol."},{"key":"B14","volume-title":"Ticks of Domestic Animals in Africa: A Guide to Identification of Species","author":"Walker","year":"2003"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2016.00239","article-title":"Experiences in tick control by acaricide in the traditional cattle sector in Zambia and Burkina Faso: possible environmental and public health implications","volume":"4","author":"De Meneghi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Public Health."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.09.031","article-title":"Acaricidal properties of Ricinus communis leaf extracts against organophosphate and pyrethroids resistant Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus","volume":"192","author":"Ghosh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol."},{"key":"B17","article-title":"Pesticide: environmental impacts and management strategies","volume-title":"Pesticides-Toxic Aspects","author":"Gill","year":"2014"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2014.06.016","article-title":"Activity of melatonin against Leishmania infantum promastigotes by mitochondrial dependent pathway","volume":"220","author":"Elmahallawy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem Biol Interact."},{"key":"B19","first-page":"77","article-title":"Hematological profile in Schistosoma mansoni infected mice treated with Commiphora molmol extract compared with praziquantel","volume":"3","author":"Alkazzaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"PSM Biol Res."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines8100423","article-title":"S-Methylcysteine (SMC) ameliorates intestinal, hepatic, and splenic damage induced by Cryptosporidium parvum infection via targeting inflammatory modulators and oxidative stress in swiss albino mice","volume":"8","author":"Elmahallawy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomedicines."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2560645","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2560645","article-title":"Traditional herbal medicine candidates as complementary treatments for COVID-19: a review of their mechanisms, pros and cons","volume":"2020","author":"Nugraha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evid Based Complementary Altern Med."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618318","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2020.618318","article-title":"New insights into potential benefits of bioactive compounds of bee products on COVID-19: a review and assessment of recent research","volume":"7","author":"Elmahallawy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Mol Biosci."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650531","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.650531","article-title":"Hepatosplenic protective actions of spirulina platensis and matcha green tea against Schistosoma mansoni infection in mice via antioxidative and anti-inflammatory mechanisms","volume":"8","author":"Ramez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2020.10.007","article-title":"Herbal medication to enhance or modulate viral infections","volume":"56","author":"Tahmasbi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nurs Clin North Am."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10020175","article-title":"Antitrypanosomal and antileishmanial activity of chalcones and flavanones from Polygonum salicifolium","volume":"10","author":"Zheoat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754991","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.754991","article-title":"S-methylcysteine ameliorates the intestinal damage induced by Eimeria tenella infection via targeting oxidative stress and inflammatory modulators","volume":"8","author":"Elmahallawy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.17582\/journal.aavs\/2021\/9.5.722.733","article-title":"Acaricidal activity of some medicinal plant extracts against different developmental stages of the camel tick Hyalomma dromedarii","volume":"9","author":"Abdel-Ghany","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Anim Vet Sci"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2010.05.008","article-title":"Mechanism of action of insecticidal secondary metabolites of plant origin","volume":"29","author":"Rattan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crop Prot."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-013-3660-4","article-title":"Acaricidal activity of Cymbopogon winterianus, Vitex negundo and Withania somnifera against synthetic pyrethroid resistant Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus","volume":"113","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(00)00153-8","article-title":"Azadirachtin, a neem biopesticide: subchronic toxicity assessment in rats","volume":"39","author":"Raizada","year":"2001","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxico."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1590\/S0301-80592000000400001","article-title":"Azadiractina do nim, Azadirachta indica: sua a\u00e7\u00e3o contra insetos","volume":"29","author":"Nisbet","year":"2000","journal-title":"An Soc Entomol Brasil."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.4161\/cbt.12.6.16850","article-title":"Anticancer biology of Azadirachta indica L (neem): a mini review","volume":"12","author":"Paul","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Biol Ther."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-nbt.2016.0095","article-title":"Synthesis and characterisation of neem leaf extract, 2, 3-dehydrosalanol and quercetin dihydrate mediated silver nano particles for therapeutic applications","volume":"11","author":"Avinash","year":"2017","journal-title":"IET Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"B34","first-page":"327","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of Azadirachta indica (Neem) against pathogenic microorganisms","volume":"3","author":"Raut","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Acad Ind Res."},{"key":"B35","first-page":"713","article-title":"Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic effects of Azadirachta indica (Neem) leaf extract in albino rats","volume":"4","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Sci Res."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-48996-2","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Parasitology, 3rd ed","author":"Mehlhorn","year":"2008"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.4172\/2167-0501.S1.004","article-title":"Identification of plant extract for ecofriendly development of phytoacaricides for controlling chemical resistant tick infestations in animals","volume":"2","author":"Ghosh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1021\/bk-1989-0387.ch011","article-title":"Azadirachtins - their structures and mode of action","volume-title":"Insecticides of Plant Origin","author":"Rembold","year":"1989"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.51.110104.151146","article-title":"Botanical insecticides, deterrents, and repellents in modern agriculture and an increasingly regulated world","volume":"51","author":"Isman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu Rev Entomol."},{"key":"B40","first-page":"141","volume-title":"Neem: A Tree For Solving Global Problems. Report of an ad hoc Panel of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development","author":"Vietmeyer","year":"1992"},{"key":"B41","first-page":"264","article-title":"In vitro acaricidal effect of Neem leaves (Azadirachta indica) and Citrullus Colocynthis extracts against the camel ticks, Hyalomma dromedarii (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"10","author":"Mahran","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Ecosystem Ecography."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.6870","volume-title":"African Ixodoidea. Volume I. Ticks of the Sudan","author":"Hoogstraal","year":"1956"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.21608\/jesp.2022.235828","article-title":"Epidemiological and morphological studies on Hyalomma Species infesting dromedary camels In Aswan governorate, Egypt","volume":"52","author":"Essa","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Egypt Soc Parasitol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239870","DOI":"10.24001\/ijaems.3.6.5","article-title":"Extraction of essential oil from neem seed by using soxhlet extraction methods","volume":"3","author":"Tesfaye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Adv Eng Manag Sci."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.5251\/abjna.2012.3.10.385.390","article-title":"Effect of storage conditions and duration on the potency of Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) seeds as a home-made insecticide","volume":"3","author":"El Shafie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Agric Biol J North Am."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.supflu.2011.01.004","article-title":"Extraction of natural insecticide azadirachtin from neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) seed kernels using pressurized hot solvent","volume":"56","author":"Jadeja","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Supercrit Fluids."},{"key":"B47","first-page":"66","article-title":"Optimization of neem seed oil extraction process using response surface methodology","volume":"2","author":"Adewoye","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Nat Sci Res."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1002\/ffj.3453","article-title":"Nanometric neem oil emulsification through microfluidization, and its therapeutic potential against Aeromonas culicicola infection in Cyprinus carpio","volume":"33","author":"Swathy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Flavour Fragr J"},{"key":"B49","first-page":"256","article-title":"An overview on thin layer chromatography","volume":"2","author":"Bele","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Sci Res."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/66.1.130","article-title":"Boophilus annulatus and B. microplus: laboratory tests of insecticides","volume":"66","author":"Drummond","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Econ Entomol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(00)00406-4","article-title":"Tests to determine LC50 and discriminating doses for macrocyclic lactones against the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus","volume":"95","author":"Sabatini","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-09352001000500006","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of the effects of some acaricides on life stages of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"53","author":"Bicalho","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec."},{"key":"B53","first-page":"25","volume-title":"Resistance Management and Integrated Parasite Control in Ruminants Guidelines. Module 1. Ticks: Acaricide Resistance: Diagnosis, Management and: Prevention","year":"2004"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02248923","article-title":"Susceptibility of ticks to acaricides in Zambia","volume":"16","author":"Luguru","year":"1984","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/3001478","article-title":"Multiple range and multiple F tests","volume":"11","author":"Duncan","year":"1955","journal-title":"Biometrics."},{"key":"B56","unstructured":"BakrE,. LDP Line software.\n          2010"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.2006.B0912","article-title":"Importance of ticks and their chemical and immunological control in livestock","volume":"7","author":"Rajput","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Zhejiang Univ Sci B"},{"key":"B58","first-page":"1047","article-title":"Ethno-veterinary and medical knowledge of crude plant extracts and its methods of application (traditional and modern) for tick control","volume":"11","author":"Habeeb","year":"2010","journal-title":"World Appl Sci J."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.11.018","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo acaricidal activity of a herbal extract","volume":"186","author":"Zaman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.03.053","article-title":"In vitro acaricidal activity of neem (Azadirachta indica) seed extracts with known azadirachtin concentrations against Rhipicephalus microplus","volume":"181","author":"Giglioti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"B61","first-page":"1","article-title":"Study on the acaricidal effects of Azadirachta indica and Phytolacca dodecandra on Amblyomma ticks in Ethiopia","volume":"18","author":"Tamirat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ethiop Vet J"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(02)00023-7","article-title":"In vitro acaricidal effect of plant extract of neem seed oil (Azadirachta indica) on egg, immature, and adult stages of Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae)","volume":"106","author":"Abdel-Shafy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-009-9144-6","article-title":"Azadirachta indica (neem): a plant of multiple biological and pharmacological activities","volume":"8","author":"Atawodi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phytochem Rev."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.748","article-title":"Acaricidal effects of cardiac glycosides, azadirachtin and neem oil against the camel tick, Hyalomma dromedarii (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"59","author":"Al-Rajhy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pest Manag Sci."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.4103\/0250-474X.58191","article-title":"Toxicity of neem seed oil against the larvae of Boophilus decoloratus, a one-host tick in cattle","volume":"71","author":"Choudhury","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J Pharm Sci."},{"key":"B66","first-page":"46","article-title":"Toxicity of neem seed oil (Azadirachta indica) against the larvae of Rhipicephalus sanguineus a three-host tick in dog","volume":"25","author":"Choudhury","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Parasitic Dis."},{"key":"B67","first-page":"324","volume-title":"Insect Hormones and Insect Chemical Ecology","author":"Morgan","year":"1999"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02027724","article-title":"Insect antifeedant and growth-regulating activities of salannin and other C-seco limonoids from neem oil in relation to azadirachtin","volume":"22","author":"Govindachari","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Chem Ecol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2841","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022523329255","article-title":"Photooxidation of nimbin and salannin, tetranortriterpenoids from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica)","volume":"23","author":"Jarvis","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Chem Ecol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-1173-3","article-title":"Efficacy of Azadirachta indica extracts against Boophilus microplus","volume":"104","author":"Srivastava","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"B71","author":"Sinha","year":"1999","journal-title":"Simple method for Enrichment of Azadirachtin From Neem"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-017-0947-x","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of commercial preparation of deltamethrin and cypermethrin against Ornithodoros spp. of North Gujarat","volume":"41","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Parasit Dis."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.946702\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]],"date-time":"2022-09-23T18:19:17Z","timestamp":1663957157000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.946702\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]]},"references-count":72,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2022.946702"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.946702","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]]},"article-number":"946702"}}