{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T12:26:15Z","timestamp":1755692775716,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]],"date-time":"2022-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The light emitting module<jats:italic>lux<\/jats:italic>operon (<jats:italic>luxCDABE<\/jats:italic>) of<jats:italic>Photorhabdus luminescens<\/jats:italic>can be integrated into a \u201cdark\u201d bacterium for expression under a suitable promoter. The technique has been used to monitor kinetics of infection, e.g., by studying gene expression in<jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>using mouse models<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>. Here, we applied the bioluminescence imaging (BLI) technique to track<jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>Enteritidis (SEn) strains carrying the<jats:italic>lux<\/jats:italic>operon expressed under a constitutive promoter sequence (sigma 70) in chicken after oral challenge. Detectable photon signals were localized in the crop, small intestine, cecum, and yolk sac in orally gavaged birds. The level of colonization was determined by quantification of signal intensity and SEn prevalence in the cecum and yolk sac. Furthermore, an isogenic SEn mutant strain tagged with the lux operon allowed for us to assess virulence determinants regarding their role in colonization of the cecum and yolk sac. Interestingly, mutations of<jats:italic>SPI-1<\/jats:italic>(Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1) and<jats:italic>fur<\/jats:italic>(ferric uptake regulator) showed significantly decreased colonization in yolk sac that was correlated with the BLI data. A similar trend was detected in a \u0394<jats:italic>tonB<\/jats:italic>strain by analyzing enrichment culture data. The inherently low quantum yield, light scattering, and absorption by tissues did not facilitate detection of signals from live birds. However, the detection limit of<jats:italic>lux<\/jats:italic>operon has the potential to be improved by resonance energy transfer to a secondary molecule. As a proof-of-concept, we were able to show that sensitization of a fluorescent-bound molecule known as the lumazine protein (LumP) improved the limit of detection to a certain extent.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.948448","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]],"date-time":"2022-08-02T05:38:05Z","timestamp":1659418685000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Characterization of colonization kinetics and virulence potential of Salmonella Enteritidis in chickens by photonic detection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Dinesh H.","family":"Wellawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Po-King S.","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aaron 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