{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T22:21:38Z","timestamp":1775254898018,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]],"date-time":"2022-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The stunning of heavy cattle and water buffalo is an animal welfare problem, as conventional cartridge fired captive-bolt stunners are not suitable due to the thicker skull bones and the greater depth of penetration required to reach and damage the relevant brain regions for deep unconsciousness. This current animal welfare problem requires a suitable and feasible as well as commercially available and legally approved stunning device to ensure deep unconsciousness of these animals. In this study, the use of a newly developed bullet-shooting stunner, the <jats:italic>BigBovid<\/jats:italic>, with two different types of hunting ammunition, namely .3<jats:italic>8 SPL FMJ-TC<\/jats:italic> and .3<jats:italic>57 MAG FTX<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> bullets, was evaluated on 22 heavy cattle (mean weight: 1062.27 kg, standard deviation: 124.09 kg). In ballistic experiments, the <jats:italic>BigBovid<\/jats:italic> reached a mean energy density of 8.18 J\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> (mean error: 0.45 J\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) for the .3<jats:italic>8 SPL FMJ-TC<\/jats:italic> and 17.56 J\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> (mean error: 2.67 J\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) for the .3<jats:italic>57 MAG FTX<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>. In <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> experiments, the use of the .3<jats:italic>8 SPL FMJ-TC<\/jats:italic> resulted in overpenetration three times. The .3<jats:italic>57 MAG FTX<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> bullets showed to be more advantageous, because on the one hand no overpenetration occurred and on the other hand the bullets fragmented into small parts after penetration into the skull. The fragments were scattered in the brain tissue, such as the thalamus and the brain stem, and thus there is a high probability to damage the brain regions relevant for deep unconsciousness. Based on the results of this study, the use of the <jats:italic>BigBovid<\/jats:italic> in combination with the .3<jats:italic>57 MAG FTX<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> bullet is found to be suitable for stunning heavy cattle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.949198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]],"date-time":"2022-07-27T05:45:02Z","timestamp":1658900702000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["BigBovid- Evaluation of a Newly Developed 9 mm Bullet-Shooting Stunner for Adequate Stunning of Heavy Cattle"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Dominic","family":"Gascho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Stephan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clemens","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelle Aim\u00e9e","family":"Oesch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henning","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"2009"},{"key":"B2","unstructured":"455.110.2 \u2013 Verordnung des BLV \u00fcber den Tierschutz beim Schlachten2021"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e06275","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2020.6275","article-title":"Welfare of cattle at slaughter","volume":"18","author":"Nielsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327604JAWS0303_3","article-title":"Penetrating captive bolt stunning and exsanguination of cattle in abattoirs","volume":"3","author":"Gregory","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Appl Anim Welf Sci."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2015.11.010","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging and computer tomography of brain lesions in water buffaloes and cattle stunned with handguns or captive bolts","volume":"113","author":"Schwenk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2014.964345","article-title":"A scientific comment on the welfare of domesticated ruminants slaughtered without stunning","volume":"63","author":"Johnson","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Z Vet J."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11041085","article-title":"Pain at the slaughterhouse in ruminants with a focus on the neurobiology of sensitisation","volume":"11","author":"Mota-Rojas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.31893\/jabb.21015","article-title":"Quality of death in the river buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)","volume":"9","author":"Mota-Rojas","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Anim Behav Biometeorol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2017.09.004","article-title":"Assessment of a specifically developed bullet casing gun for the stunning of water buffaloes","volume":"135","author":"Meichtry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2017.09.014","article-title":"Energy loss and impact of various stunning devices used for the slaughtering of water buffaloes","volume":"135","author":"Glardon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2018.02.010","article-title":"Costa MJR. Effectiveness of pneumatically powered penetrating and non-penetrating captive bolts in stunning cattle","volume":"140","author":"Oliveira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1177\/0025802420962697","article-title":"Lodged bullets on computed tomography: three classification procedures for the virtual investigation of bullets or their fragments that cannot be recovered from the living patient","volume":"60","author":"Gascho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Sci Law."},{"key":"B13","unstructured":""},{"key":"B14","unstructured":"American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2007.04.026","article-title":"Depth of concussion in cattle shot by penetrating captive bolt","volume":"77","author":"Gregory","year":"2007","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2018.07.016","article-title":"Evaluation of brain damage resulting from penetrating and non\u2013penetrating stunning in Nelore Cattle using pneumatically powered captive bolt guns","volume":"145","author":"Oliveira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-020-02262-8","article-title":"The punched-out tissue complex (skin-bone \u201cimprimatum\u201d) in shots from captive-bolt guns: does it act as a secondary projectile?","volume":"134","author":"Geisenberger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.949198\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]],"date-time":"2022-07-27T05:45:04Z","timestamp":1658900704000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.949198\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]]},"references-count":17,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2022.949198"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.949198","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]]},"article-number":"949198"}}