{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T02:25:04Z","timestamp":1767666304699,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Transcaval ureter is a rarely reported human congenital malformation of the prerenal segment of the inferior vena cava (IVC) not yet reported in veterinary medicine. The objective of this multicenter retrospective case series study was to describe the computed tomography (CT) features of transcaval ureters in dogs and cats. Patients referring to pre- and post-contrast CT exams of the abdomen and presenting this abnormality were retrospectively included. Multiple qualitative features were described for each ureteral abnormality detected. Three cats and two dogs with transcaval ureter were identified consisting of a segmental duplication of the CVC at the prerenal level creating a vascular ring through which the ureter extended, identified as a <jats:italic>double-barrel gun<\/jats:italic> sign. The malformation was divided into two types according to the symmetry of the caval branches and location in relation to the aorta, namely, type I symmetrical branches and right-lateral to the aorta, and type II asymmetrically branches and right-dorsal to the aorta. In one case, the malformation was associated with hydroureter and mild pyelectasis. In three cases, the anomaly was incidental and, in the remaining two cases, the clinical significance was uncertain. This is the first study describing the presence of transcaval ureter in dogs and cats. CT was a suitable method for the diagnosis of transcaval and a focal <jats:italic>double-barrel gun<\/jats:italic> sign of the CVC is proposed as the hallmark feature of this anomaly. The clinical relevance of this congenital vascular malformation is unclear and needs to be further investigated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.965185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T10:47:16Z","timestamp":1662634036000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Computed tomographic appearance of transcaval ureter in two dogs and three cats: A novel CVC congenital malformation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Carlotta","family":"Spediacci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Longo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Swan","family":"Specchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pascaline","family":"Pey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Rabba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eirini","family":"Mavraki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Di Giancamillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Panopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9260(69)80166-2","article-title":"Circumcaval ureter: a new classification","volume":"20","author":"Bateson","year":"1969","journal-title":"Clin Radiol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1148\/104.2.313","article-title":"Obstructive periureteric venous ring","volume":"104","author":"LePage","year":"1972","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"B3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Embryology, normal anatomy, and anomalies.","volume-title":"Venography of the Inferior Vena Cava and its Branches","author":"Phillips","year":"1969"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.20.3.g00ma09639","article-title":"Spectrum of congenital anomalies of the inferior vena cava: cross-sectional imaging findings","volume":"20","author":"Bass","year":"2000","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12251","article-title":"Multidetector-row computed tomographic characteristics of presumed preureteral vena cava in cats","volume":"56","author":"Pey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1000350302","article-title":"The development of the vena cava inferior in man","volume":"35","author":"McClure","year":"1925","journal-title":"Amer J Anat."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.283075101","article-title":"Imaging the inferior vena cava: a road less traveled","volume":"28","author":"Kandpal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.4103\/UROS.UROS_71_18","article-title":"Transcaval ureter: a rare embryological anomaly of inferior vena cava causing obstructive uropathy","volume":"30","author":"Arya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Urol Sci."},{"key":"B9","first-page":"86","article-title":"Transcaval ureter: a rare embryological anomaly causing obstructive uropathy","volume":"30","author":"Giddy","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"B10","unstructured":"Transcaval ureter: case report and review of the literature5962\n            Totti CavazzolaL\n            GroismanR\n            Fernando de OliveraV\n          Eur J Anat92005"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2015.03.029","article-title":"Transcaval ureter: multidetector computed tomography demonstration","volume":"86","author":"Sofia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3109\/00365596909135381","article-title":"Retrocaval ureter: report of a case and short review of the literature","volume":"3","author":"Johansson","year":"1969","journal-title":"Scand J Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)56028-0","article-title":"Transcaval ureter","volume":"123","author":"Dharman","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2010.12.001","article-title":"Imaging of partial right double vena cava with ureter crossing through its split, confirmed at surgery","volume":"35","author":"Gong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Imaging"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-009-0538-3","article-title":"Periureteric venous ring with renal calculi and transitional cell carcinoma: report of a rare case","volume":"32","author":"Gupta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Surg Radiol Anat"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2003.tb01264.x","article-title":"Evaluation of the ureter and ureterovesicular junction using helical computed tomographic excretory urography in healthy dogs","volume":"44","author":"Rozear","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16210","article-title":"Comparison of nonenhanced computed tomography and ultrasonography for detection of ureteral calculi in cats: a prospective study","volume":"35","author":"Testault","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2010.01729.x","article-title":"Clinical significance of renal pelvic dilatation on ultrasound in dogs and cats","volume":"52","author":"D'Anjou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X16656910","article-title":"Renal pelvic and ureteral ultrasonographic characteristics of cats with chronic kidney disease in comparison with normal cats, and cats with pyelonephritis or ureteral obstruction","volume":"19","author":"Quimby","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X20983980","article-title":"Minimal renal pelvis dilation in cats diagnosed with benign ureteral obstruction by antegrade pyelography: a retrospective study of 82 cases (2012\u20132018)","volume":"23","author":"Lemieux","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surgery"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.13007","article-title":"Ultrasonographic and CT diagnosis of a complete splenic duplication with right splenic torsion and presumed regional splenic vein hypertension in a dog","volume":"63","author":"Battiato","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0264.2005.00625.x","article-title":"Prenatal development of the caudal vena cava in mammals: Review of the different theories with special reference to the dog","volume":"34","author":"Cornillie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anat Histol Embryol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1998.tb00119.x","article-title":"Congenital interruption of the portal vein and caudal vena cava in dogs: Six case reports and a review of the literature","volume":"27","author":"Hunt","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet Surgery"},{"key":"B24","first-page":"505","volume-title":"Miller's Anatomy of the Dog","author":"Bezuidenhout","year":"2013"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118785676","article-title":"Systemic and portal abdominal vasculature.","volume-title":"Veterinary Computed Tomography","author":"Schwarz","year":"2011"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12461","article-title":"Comparison of transverse computed tomographic excretory urography images and maximum intensity projection images for diagnosing ectopic ureters in dogs","volume":"58","author":"Secrest","year":"2017","journal-title":"Veterinary Radiol Ultrasound"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yasa.2020.07.005","article-title":"CT angiography and vascular anomalies","volume":"1","author":"Bertolini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Small Anim Care."},{"key":"B28","first-page":"613","article-title":"Urinary system In: McGavin MD, Zachary JF, editors","volume-title":"Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease, 4","author":"Newman","year":"2007"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2008.00378.x","article-title":"Characterization of normal feline renal vascular anatomy dual-phase CT angiography","volume":"49","author":"Caceres","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12808","article-title":"CT variants of the caudal vena cava in 121 small breed dogs","volume":"60","author":"Ryu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.18.3.9599383","article-title":"CT angiography of potential renal transplant donors","volume":"18","author":"Pozniak","year":"1998","journal-title":"RSNA"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12162","article-title":"Multidetector row computed tomography and ultrasound characteristics of caudal vena cava duplication in dogs","volume":"55","author":"Bertolini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avsg.2010.07.007","article-title":"Congenital anomalies of inferior vena cava in young patients with iliac deep venous thrombosis","volume":"25","author":"Sarlon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Vasc Surg"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eursup.2006.02.009","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of the circumcaval ureter","volume":"5","author":"Salonia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Urol Suppl"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001660","article-title":"Retrocaval ureter","volume":"70","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.75.1.91","article-title":"Prevalence of circumcaval ureters and double caudal vena cava in cats","volume":"75","author":"B\u00e9langer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6363","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12465","article-title":"Clinical presentation and outcome of cats with circumcaval ureters associated with a ureteral obstruction","volume":"29","author":"Steinhaus","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.965185\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]],"date-time":"2022-09-14T13:11:00Z","timestamp":1663161060000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.965185\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2022.965185"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.965185","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2297-1769"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]},"article-number":"965185"}}