{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:36:34Z","timestamp":1753893394791,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]],"date-time":"2023-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The interferon (IFN) response is the first line of defense against viral invasion and thus plays a central role in the regulation of the immune response. IFN-epsilon (IFN-\u03b5) is a newly discovered type I IFN that does not require viral induction, unlike other type I IFNs. IFN-\u03b5 is constitutively expressed in epithelial cells and plays an important role in mucosal immunity. In this study, we evaluated the biological activity of the mink-IFN (MiIFN)-\u03b5 gene in prokaryotic cells. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to evaluate IFN-\u03b5 expression in different mink tissues. MiIFN-\u03b5 was highly expressed in brain, lung, tracheal, kidney, intestinal, bladder, ovarian, and testis tissues. There was no significant difference in MiIFN-\u03b5 expression between female and male minks, except in the reproductive system. Expression of the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO3)-MiIFN-\u03b5 fusion gene was induced by isopropyl\u03b2-d-thiogalactoside, and MiIFN-\u03b5 was collected after SUMO-specific protease digestion. We tested the antiviral activity of MiIFN-\u03b5 against vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in epithelial cells of feline kidney 81 (F81). We used qRT-PCR to analyze the expression of several IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), including ISG15, 2\u2032-5\u2032 oligoadenylate synthetase (2\u2032-5\u2032OAS1), and myxovirus resistance protein 1 (Mx1). Recombinant IFN-\u03b5 induced high ISG expression in F81 cells. Compared with those in the cell control group, expressions of ISG15, Mx1, and 2\u2032-5\u2032 OAS1 in the VSV-GFP control, IFN-\u03b5, and MiIFN-\u03b5-inhibited VSV-GFP groups were significantly increased. Compared with those in the VSV-GFP control group, expressions of ISG15 and 2\u2032-5\u2032 OAS1 in the IFN-\u03b5 and MiIFN-\u03b5-inhibited VSV-GFP groups were significantly increased, and the differences were highly significant (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.0001). IFN-\u03b5 played an indirect antiviral role. These findings lay the foundation for detailed investigation of IFN-\u03b5 in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.972433","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]],"date-time":"2023-01-27T17:21:37Z","timestamp":1674840097000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Isolation and characterization of the mink interferon-epsilon gene and its antiviral 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