{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T20:08:59Z","timestamp":1792613339450,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]],"date-time":"2022-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to identify whether early-life conditions in broiler chickens could affect their behavior and welfare, and whether or not this was associated with an altered gut microbiome composition or diversity. Broilers were tested in a 2 x 2 factorial design with hatching conditions [home pen (OH) or at the hatchery (HH)] and enrichment (dark brooder (EE) or no brooder (NE) until 14 days of age) as factors (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>= 6 per treatment combination). Microbiota composition was measured in the jejunum on days (d) 7, 14, and 35 and in pooled fecal samples on day 14. A novel environment test (NET) was performed on days 1 and 11, and the behavior was observed on days 6, 13, and 33. On day 35, composite asymmetry was determined and footpad dermatitis and hock burn were scored. In their home pen, HH showed more locomotion than OH (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.05), and NE were sitting more and showed more comfort behavior than EE at all ages (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt;0.001 and<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.001, respectively). On days 6 and 13 NE showed more eating and litter pecking while sitting, but on day 33 the opposite was found (age<jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup>enrichment:<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.05 and<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt;0.01, respectively). On days 1 and 11, HH showed more social reinstatement in the NET than OH, and EE showed more social reinstatement than NE (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt;0.05). Composite asymmetry scores were lower for EE than NE (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt;0.05). EE also had less footpad dermatitis and hock burn than NE (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt;0.001). Within OH, NE had a more diverse fecal and jejunal microbiome compared to EE on day 14 (feces: observed richness:<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.052; jejunum: observed richness and Shannon:<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt;0.05); the principal component analysis (PCA) showed differences between NE and EE within both HH and OH in fecal samples on day 14, as well as significant differences in bacterial genera such as<jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Lachnospiraceae<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt;0.05). On day 35, PCA in jejunal samples only showed a trend (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.068) for differences between NE vs. EE within the OH. In conclusion, these results suggest that especially the dark brooder affected the behavior and had a positive effect on welfare as well as affected the composition and diversity of the microbiome. Whether or not the behavior was modulated by the microbiome or vice versa remains to be investigated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.977359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]],"date-time":"2022-09-12T06:44:35Z","timestamp":1662965075000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Early life environment affects behavior, welfare, gut microbiome composition, and diversity in broiler chickens"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ingrid C.","family":"de Jong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirkjan","family":"Schokker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henk","family":"Gunnink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maudia","family":"van Wijhe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna M. J.","family":"Rebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-017-3625-6","article-title":"Perturbation of microbiota in one-day old broiler chickens with antibiotic for 24 h negatively affects intestinal immune development","volume":"18","author":"Schokker","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Genom."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-015-1646-6","article-title":"Early life microbial colonization of the gut and intestinal development differ between genetically divergent broiler lines","volume":"16","author":"Schokker","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Genom."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1079\/WPS20040017","article-title":"Characteristics of the gastrointestinal microbial communities, with special reference to the chicken","volume":"60","author":"Apajalahti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Worlds Poult Sci J."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2016.00002","article-title":"Development of the chick Microbiome: how early exposure influences future microbial diversity","volume":"3","author":"Ballou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.3390\/ani8060084","article-title":"Free dietary choice and free-range rearing improve the product quality, gait score, and microbial richness of chickens","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Animals."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00235","article-title":"Host and environmental factors affecting the intestinal microbiota in chickens","volume":"9","author":"Kers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0187766","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187766","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota profiles associated with low and high residual feed intake in chickens across two geographical locations","volume":"12","author":"Siegerstetter","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s42523-019-0009-z","article-title":"Take care of the environment: housing conditions affect the interplay of nutritional interventions and intestinal microbiota in broiler chickens","volume":"1","author":"Kers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Animal Microbiome."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e100040","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100040","article-title":"Early-life environmental variation affects intestinal microbiota and immune development in new-born piglets","volume":"9","author":"Schokker","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2016.00011","article-title":"Spatial and temporal changes in the broiler chicken cecal and fecal microbiomes and correlations of bacterial taxa with cytokine gene expression","volume":"3","author":"Oakley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2515","article-title":"The gut microbiota shapes intestinal immune responses during health and disease","volume":"9","author":"Round","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3346","article-title":"Mind-altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behavior","volume":"13","author":"Cryan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2017.03.001","article-title":"Stress & the gut-brain axis: regulation by the microbiome","volume":"7","author":"Foster","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurobiol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563762","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.563762","article-title":"Association between tail-biting and intestinal microbiota composition in pigs","volume":"7","author":"Rabhi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s42523-021-00115-2","article-title":"Environmentally enriched housing conditions affect pig welfare, immune system and gut microbiota in early life","volume":"3","author":"Wen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim Microbiome."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.13148","article-title":"Effects of different stocking densities on growth performance, antioxidant ability, and immunity of finishing broilers","volume":"90","author":"Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim Sci J."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00603","article-title":"Absence of gut microbiota reduces emotional reactivity in Japanese Quails (Coturnix japonica)","volume":"9","author":"Kraimi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2017.05.022","article-title":"The influence of a probiotic supplementation on memory in quail suggests a role of gut microbiota on cognitive abilities in birds","volume":"331","author":"Parois","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res."},{"key":"B19","article-title":"Early-life microbiota transplantation affects behavioral responses, serotonin and immune characteristics in chicken lines divergently selected on feather pecking","volume-title":"Sci Rep","author":"van der Eijk","year":"2020"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jeb202879","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.202879","article-title":"Effects of gut microbiota transfer on emotional reactivity in Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica)","volume":"222","author":"Kraimi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3365","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pez140","article-title":"Rearing system causes changes of behavior, microbiome, and gene expression of chickens","volume":"98","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9121085","article-title":"The role of housing environment and dietary protein source on the gut microbiota of chicken","volume":"9","author":"Hubert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Animals."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"skaa348","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaa348","article-title":"Adaptive response to a future life challenge: consequences of early-life environmental complexity in dual-purpose chicks","volume":"98","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"B24","volume-title":"Adaptive Capacity of Rearing Hens. Effect of Early Life Conditions","author":"Walstra","year":"2011"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e90577","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090577","article-title":"Parents and early life environment affect behavioral development of laying hen chickens","volume":"9","author":"de Haas","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pev189","article-title":"Early feeding and early life housing conditions influence the response toward a noninfectious lung challenge in broilers","volume":"94","author":"Simon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0153879","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153879","article-title":"Long-term and transgenerational effects of stress experienced during different life phases in chickens (Gallus gallus)","volume":"11","author":"Ericsson","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.20870\/productions-animales.2019.32.2.2467","article-title":"Role of the early environment in phenotypic variability and adaptation of animals to their environment","volume":"32","author":"Pitel","year":"2019","journal-title":"INRA Prod Anim."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-38817-y","article-title":"Effects of commercial hatchery processing on short- and long-term stress responses in laying hens","volume":"9","author":"Hedlund","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2012.03.006","article-title":"Transgenerational effects of early experience on behavioral, hormonal and gene expression responses to acute stress in the precocial chicken","volume":"61","author":"Goerlich","year":"2012","journal-title":"Horm Behav."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0210270","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210270","article-title":"Environmental complexity: a buffer against stress in the domestic chick","volume":"14","author":"Campderrich","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1017\/S0043933910000243","article-title":"Delay in feed access and spread of hatch: importance of early nutrition","volume":"66","author":"Willemsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Worlds Poult Sci J."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1093\/japr\/14.2.232","article-title":"The structure of bacterial community in the intestines of newly hatched chicks","volume":"14","author":"Pedroso","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Appl Poult Res."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1079\/WPS20030013","article-title":"Ontogeny of gut associated immune competence in the chick","volume":"59","author":"Friedman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Worlds Poult Sci J."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1017\/S004393391500029X","article-title":"Early post hatch nutrition on immune system development and function in broiler chickens","volume":"71","author":"Panda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Worlds Poult Sci J."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1079\/WPS19980023","article-title":"Digestive system development in post-hatch poultry","volume":"54","author":"Jin","year":"1998","journal-title":"World's Poult Sci."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2604","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2014-04123","article-title":"Effects of moment of hatch and feed access on chicken development","volume":"93","author":"Lamot","year":"2014","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2534","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey106","article-title":"Effects of early nutrition and transport of 1-day-old chickens on production performance and fear response","volume":"97","author":"Hollemans","year":"2018","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731118002872","article-title":"Comparison of performance, health and welfare aspects between commercially housed hatchery-hatched and on-farm hatched broiler flocks","volume":"13","author":"de Jong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Animal."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.12.050","article-title":"Day-old chicken quality and performance of broiler chickens from 3 different hatching systems","volume":"100","author":"da Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.06.052","article-title":"Effects of on-farm and traditional hatching on welfare, health, and performance of broiler chickens","volume":"99","author":"de Jong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2021.105319","article-title":"Effects of hatching on-farm on behavior, first week performance, fear level and range use of organic broilers","volume":"238","author":"Jessen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101292","article-title":"Effects of hatching on-farm on performance and welfare of organic broilers","volume":"100","author":"Jessen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2020.105100","article-title":"Comparative assessment of general behavior and fear-related responses in hatchery-hatched and on-farm hatched broiler chickens","volume":"232","author":"Giersberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.12.043","article-title":"Effects of hatching system on the welfare of broiler chickens in early and later life","volume":"100","author":"Giersberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/84.7.1004","article-title":"Influence of perches and footpad dermatitis on tonic immobility and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio of chickens","volume":"84","author":"Campo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2020.113077","article-title":"Hens with benefits: can environmental enrichment make chickens more resilient to stress?","volume":"226","author":"Ross","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol Behav."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pex344","article-title":"Review of environmental enrichment for broiler chickens","volume":"97","author":"Riber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11082383","article-title":"Effect of environmental complexity and stocking density on fear and anxiety in broiler chickens","volume":"11","author":"Anderson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2018.04.005","article-title":"Effects of environmental complexity on fearfulness and learning ability in fast growing broiler chickens","volume":"207","author":"Tahamtani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95280-4","article-title":"Environmental complexity positively impacts affective states of broiler chickens","volume":"11","author":"Anderson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2005.10.017","article-title":"Effect of brooders on feather pecking and cannibalism in domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus)","volume":"99","author":"Jensen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3390\/ani6010003","article-title":"Effects of dark brooders on behavior and fearfulness in layers","volume":"6","author":"Riber","year":"2016","journal-title":"Animals."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1017\/S0043933913000809","article-title":"The prevention and control of feather pecking: application to commercial systems","volume":"69","author":"Nicol","year":"2013","journal-title":"Worlds Poult Sci J."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1017\/S0043933913000354","article-title":"The prevention and control of feather pecking in laying hens: identifying the underlying principles","volume":"69","author":"Rodenburg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Worlds Poult Sci J."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731117003184","article-title":"Effects of dark brooders and overhangs on free-range use and behavior of slow-growing broilers","volume":"12","author":"Stadig","year":"2018","journal-title":"Animal."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00019","article-title":"Effects of dark brooder rearing and age on hypothalamic vasotocin and feather corticosterone levels in laying hens","volume":"7","author":"Nordquist","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B58","volume-title":"The Welfare Quality Assessment Protocol for Broiler Chickens and Laying Hens.","author":"Welfare","year":"2009"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3103","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2013-03434","article-title":"The effects of light stimulation during incubation on indicators of stress susceptibility in broilers","volume":"92","author":"Archer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3529","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pex177","article-title":"Effects of different types of dark brooders on injurious pecking damage and production-related traits at rear and lay in layers","volume":"96","author":"Riber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"B61","volume-title":"Function and Organization of Dustbathing in Laying Hens. [PhD Thesis]","author":"Van Liere","year":"1991"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/sky110","article-title":"Supplementation of fructooligosaccharides to suckling piglets affects intestinal microbiota colonization and immune development","volume":"96","author":"Schokker","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2007.01.001","article-title":"Diurnal activity cycles and synchrony in layer hen chicks (Gallus gallus domesticus)","volume":"108","author":"Riber","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2012.09.006","article-title":"The effect of dark brooders on feather pecking on commercial farms","volume":"142","author":"Gilani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731116002172","article-title":"Effects of shelter type, early environmental enrichment and weather conditions on free-range behavior of slow-growing broiler chickens","volume":"11","author":"Stadig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Animal."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(01)00180-0","article-title":"Vocalization in chicks (Gallus gallus dom.) during stepwise social isolation","volume":"75","author":"Marx","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03212318","article-title":"Social reinstatement and open-field testing in. Chickens","volume":"11","author":"Suarez","year":"1983","journal-title":"Anim Learn Behav."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731115001408","article-title":"Vocalization sound pattern identification in young broiler chickens","volume":"10","author":"Fontana","year":"2016","journal-title":"Animal."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2007.02.014","article-title":"Fluctuating asymmetry as an animal welfare indicator - A review of methodology and validity","volume":"92","author":"Knierim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol Behav."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1017\/S0962728600026142","article-title":"Measures of developmental instability as integrated, aposteriori indicators of farm animal welfare: a review","volume":"12","author":"Tuyttens","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anim Welf."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2010-00770","article-title":"Footpad dermatitis in poultry","volume":"89","author":"Shepherd","year":"2010","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77673-z","article-title":"Emotional well-being and gut microbiome profiles by enterotype","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16050","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1102999108","article-title":"Ingestion of Lactobacillus strain regulates emotional behavior and central GABA receptor expression in a mouse via the vagus nerve","volume":"108","author":"Bravo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02126","article-title":"Efficacy of fecal sampling as a gut proxy in the study of chicken gut microbiota","volume":"10","author":"Yan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Microbiol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0380-x","article-title":"The gut microbiome regulates the increases in depressive-type behaviors and in inflammatory processes in the ventral hippocampus of stress vulnerable rats","volume":"25","author":"Pearson-Leary","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatr."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew381","article-title":"In ovo supplementation of probiotics and its effects on performance and immune-related gene expression in broiler chicks","volume":"96","author":"Pender","year":"2017","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4301","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-014-5646-2","article-title":"Microbiota of the chicken gastrointestinal tract: influence on health, productivity and disease","volume":"98","author":"Stanley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11030840","article-title":"Microbial diversity and community variation in the intestines of layer chickens","volume":"11","author":"Xiao SS Mi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.06.006","article-title":"The effect of antibiotics on social aversion following early life inflammation","volume":"194","author":"Amanda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol Behav."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12868-020-00583-3","article-title":"Opposing effects of antibiotics and germ-free status on neuropeptide systems involved in social behavior and pain regulation","volume":"21","author":"Johnson","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1500997","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1500997","article-title":"Social behavior shapes the chimpanzee pan-microbiome","volume":"2","author":"Moeller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Adv."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0189350","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189350","article-title":"A \u2018meta-analysis' of effects of post-hatch food and water deprivation on development, performance and welfare of chickens","volume":"12","author":"de Jong","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B83","volume-title":"Short and Long Term Effects of Early Nutrition in Broiler Chickens. [PhD Thesis]","author":"Hollemans","year":"2020"},{"key":"B84","volume-title":"Effects of Early Life Conditions on Immunity in Broilers and Layers","author":"Simon","year":"2016"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.977359\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,18]],"date-time":"2023-02-18T19:10:57Z","timestamp":1676747457000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.977359\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]]},"references-count":84,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2022.977359"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.977359","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]]},"article-number":"977359"}}