{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T22:27:30Z","timestamp":1782253650325,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]],"date-time":"2022-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate the accuracy of end-on fluoroscopy in predicting implant position in relation to the vertebral canal in the canine thoracolumbar vertebral column.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>imaging and anatomic study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title><jats:p>Canine cadaveric thoracolumbar vertebral columns (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 5).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Smooth Steinmann pins were inserted bicortically into the thoracolumbar vertebral columns between T10 and L7 using recommended insertion angles. Penetration of the spinal canal was not strictly avoided. After pin placement, end-on fluoroscopy images were obtained of each pin. Pin position was subsequently assessed by four evaluators and determined to either being out of the vertebral canal or in, with the latter being additionally divided into partially or completely penetrating the canal. To assess potential differences in modalities, fluoroscopy images were gray-scale inverted and evaluated again later by the same four individuals. Correct identification of pin position in relationship to the vertebral canal was assessed for both fluoroscopy images. Anatomic preparation of the spines was used for verification of pin position in relation to the spinal canal. Some data from this study were compared with historical data on accuracy using orthogonal radiography and computed tomography (CT).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall sensitivity and specificity of F to detect vertebral canal penetration was 98.8 % (95% confidence interval (CI), 96.0\u201399.6) and 98.0% (95% CI, 77.0\u201399.9), respectively. For Fi, sensitivity and specificity were 97.0% (95% CI, 91.5\u201399.0) and 98.5% (95% CI, 81.5\u201399.9) respectively. F exceeded Fi for the sensitivity of detecting pin penetration into the vertebral canal (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>= 0.039) but specificities were not different (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>= 0.585). When comparing to historical data, the overall accuracy of end-on fluoroscopy (F) and inverted fluoroscopy (Fi) was statistical better than conventional radiographic assessment (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt; 0.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>End-on fluoroscopy is a highly accurate method for the assessment of pin position in relationship to the thoracolumbar spinal canal in cadaveric dogs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>End-on fluoroscopy, with or without inversion, is accurate in identifying vertebral canal violation by bicortically placed Steinmann pins. When CT is not available, end-on fluoroscopy might be a valuable imaging modality to determine pin position in the canine vertebral column.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.982560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]],"date-time":"2022-10-20T07:51:55Z","timestamp":1666252315000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Accuracy of end-on fluoroscopy in predicting implant position in relation to the vertebral canal in dogs"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Laura M.","family":"Goffart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Precht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey T.","family":"Fosgate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arianna","family":"Maiolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca F.","family":"Hettlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1991.198.11.1965","article-title":"Management of vertebral column fractures in dogs and cats: 211 cases (1977\u20131985)","volume":"198","author":"Selcer","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2007.00289.x","article-title":"Vertebral stabilization using positively threaded profile pins and polymethylmethacrylate, with or without laminectomy, for spinal canal stenosis and vertebral instability caused by congenital thoracic vertebral anomalies","volume":"36","author":"Aikawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Surg."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1160\/VCOT-06-11-0089","article-title":"Surgical treatment of a vertebral fracture associated with a haematogenous osteomyelitis in a dog","volume":"20","author":"Cabassu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.5326\/15473317-36-3-245","article-title":"Outcome following treatment of vertebral tumors in 20 dogs (1986-1995)","volume":"36","author":"Dernell","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1994.tb00491.x","article-title":"Biomechanical study of canine spinal fracture fixation using pins or bone screws with polymethylmethacrylate","volume":"23","author":"Garcia","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vet Surg."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1984.tb00790.x","article-title":"Spinal fixation in dogs using Steinmann pins and methylmethacrylate","volume":"13","author":"Blass","year":"1984","journal-title":"Vet Surg."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2008.00582.x","article-title":"Vertebral stabilisation and selective decompression for the management of triple thoracolumbar disc protrusions","volume":"49","author":"McKee","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1632808","article-title":"The clamp rod internal fixator-application and results in 120 small animal fracture patients","volume":"17","author":"Zahn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1053\/jvet.2002.33616","article-title":"A comparison of the accuracy and safety of vertebral body pin placement using a fluoroscopically guided versus an open surgical approach: an in vitro study","volume":"31","author":"Wheeler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet Surg."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2013.11.001","article-title":"Loubresse C. 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