{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T03:31:06Z","timestamp":1769052666994,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fascioliasis is a highly pathogenic disease affecting humans and livestock worldwide. It is caused by the liver flukes<jats:italic>Fasciola hepatica<\/jats:italic>transmitted by<jats:italic>Galba<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>Fossaria<\/jats:italic>lymnaeid snails in Europe, Asia, Africa, the Americas and Oceania, and<jats:italic>F. gigantica<\/jats:italic>transmitted by<jats:italic>Radix<\/jats:italic>lymnaeids in Africa and Asia. An evident founder effect appears in genetic studies as the consequence of their spread by human-guided movements of domestic ruminants, equines and Old World camelids in the post-domestication period from the beginning of the Neolithic. Establishing the geographical origins of fasciolid expansion is multidisciplinary crucial for disease assessment. Sequencing of selected nuclear ribosomal and mitochondrial DNA markers of<jats:italic>F. nyanzae<\/jats:italic>infecting hippopotamuses (<jats:italic>Hippopotamus amphibius<\/jats:italic>) in South Africa and their comparative analyses with<jats:italic>F. hepatica<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>F. gigantica<\/jats:italic>, and the two<jats:italic>Fascioloides<\/jats:italic>species,<jats:italic>Fs. jacksoni<\/jats:italic>from Asian elephants and<jats:italic>Fs. magna<\/jats:italic>from Holarctic cervids, allow to draw a tuned-up evolutionary scenario during the pre-domestication period. Close sequence similarities indicate a direct derivation of<jats:italic>F. hepatica<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>F. gigantica<\/jats:italic>from<jats:italic>F. nyanzae<\/jats:italic>by speciation after host capture phenomena. Phylogenetic reconstruction, genetic distances and divergence estimates fully fit fossil knowledge, past interconnecting bridges between continents, present fasciolid infection in the wild fauna, and lymnaeid distribution. The paleobiogeographical analyses suggest an origin for<jats:italic>F. gigantica<\/jats:italic>by transfer from primitive hippopotamuses to grazing bovid ancestors of Reduncinae, Bovinae and Alcelaphinae, by keeping the same vector<jats:italic>Radix natalensis<\/jats:italic>in warm lowlands of southeastern Africa in the mid-Miocene, around 13.5 mya. The origin of<jats:italic>F. hepatica<\/jats:italic>should have occurred after capture from primitive, less amphibious<jats:italic>Hexaprotodon<\/jats:italic>hippopotamuses to mid-sized ovicaprines as the wild bezoar<jats:italic>Capra aegagrus<\/jats:italic>and the wild mouflon<jats:italic>Ovis gmelini<\/jats:italic>, and from<jats:italic>R. natalensis<\/jats:italic>to<jats:italic>Galba truncatula<\/jats:italic>in cooler areas and mountainous foothills of Asian Near East in the latest Miocene to Early Pliocene, around 6.0 to 4.0 mya and perhaps shortly afterwards.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.990872","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T07:10:14Z","timestamp":1662707414000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Paleobiogeographical origins of Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica in light of new DNA sequence characteristics of F. nyanzae from hippopotamus"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda Dolores","family":"Bargues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Halajian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricio","family":"Artigas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wilmien J.","family":"Luus-Powell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. Adela","family":"Valero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Santiago","family":"Mas-Coma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(09)69002-3","article-title":"Fasciola, lymnaeids and human fascioliasis, with a global overview on disease transmission, epidemiology, evolutionary genetics, molecular epidemiology and control.","volume":"69","author":"Mas-Coma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2693","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11092693","article-title":"Fascioliasis in llama, Lama glama, in Andean endemic areas: experimental transmission capacity by the high altitude snail vector Galba truncatula and epidemiological analysis of its reservoir role","volume":"11","author":"Mas-Coma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2021.02.006","article-title":"The influence of liver fluke infection on production in sheep and cattle: a meta-analysis","volume":"51","author":"Hayward","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2005.07.010","article-title":"Fascioliasis and other plant-borne trematode zoonoses","volume":"35","author":"Mas-Coma","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182014000869","article-title":"Diagnosis of human fascioliasis by stool and blood techniques: Update for the present global scenario","volume":"141","author":"Mas-Coma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"B6","first-page":"R1","article-title":"Progress in assessment of morbidity due to Fasciola hepatica infection: a review of recent literature","volume":"87","author":"Chen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Trop Dis Bull."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800099-1.00002-8","article-title":"Neurological and ocular fascioliasis in humans","volume":"84","author":"Mas-Coma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182018001464","article-title":"Numerous Fasciola plasminogen-binding proteins may underlie blood-brain barrier leakage and explain neurological disorder complexity and heterogeneity in the acute and chronic phases of human fascioliasis","volume":"146","author":"Gonzalez-Miguel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasitology."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2839","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2021.1996520","article-title":"Pathogenicity and virulence of the liver flukes Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica that cause the zoonosis fasciolosis","volume":"12","author":"Lalor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virulence."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.07.018","article-title":"Clinical and biological abnormalities in patients after fasciolosis treatment","volume":"36","author":"Rondelaud","year":"2006","journal-title":"M\u00e9d Mal Infect."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.04.008","article-title":"Immunomodulatory molecules of Fasciola hepatica: candidates for both vaccine and immunotherapeutic development","volume":"195","author":"Dalton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1086\/514822","article-title":"Immune supression in advanced chronic fascioliasis: an experimental study in a rat model","volume":"195","author":"Girones","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201545905","article-title":"Fasciola hepatica tegumental antigens induce anergic like T cells via dendritic cells in a mannose receptor dependent manner.","volume":"46","author":"Aldridge","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(97)00669-4","article-title":"Presence of very high prevalence and intensity of infection with Fasciola hepatica among Aymara children from the Northern Bolivian Altiplano","volume":"66","author":"Esteban","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.1997.d01-356.x","article-title":"A population-based coprological study of human fascioliasis in a hyperendemic area of the Bolivian Altiplano","volume":"2","author":"Esteban","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031120","article-title":"One Health action against human fascioliasis in the Bolivian Altiplano: food, water, housing, behavioural traditions, social aspects, and livestock management linked to disease transmission and infection sources","volume":"19","author":"Angles","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Publ Health."},{"key":"B17","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Ending the neglect to attain the Sustainable Development Goals. A Road Map for Neglected Tropical Diseases 2021\u20132030","year":"2020"},{"key":"B18","unstructured":"p. 1\u2013232020"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msz204","article-title":"Adaptive radiation of the flukes of the family Fasciolidae inferred from genome-wide comparisons of key species","volume":"37","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182018000914","article-title":"Human fascioliasis infection sources, their diversity, incidence factors, analytical methods and prevention measures","volume":"145","author":"Mas-Coma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2020.104281","article-title":"Characterization and phylogenetic properties of the complete mitochondrial genome of Fascioloides jacksoni (syn. Fasciola jacksoni) support the suggested intergeneric change from Fasciola to Fascioloides (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda: Plagiorchiida).","volume":"82","author":"Rajapakse","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.1414","article-title":"Life history and biology of Fascioloides magna (Trematoda) and its native and exotic hosts","volume":"5","author":"Malcicka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol Evol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0895-1","article-title":"Genetic interrelationships of North American populations of giant liver fluke Fascioloides magna","volume":"8","author":"Bazsalovicsov\u00e1","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0005352","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005352","article-title":"DNA multigene characterization of Fasciola hepatica and Lymnaea neotropica and its fascioliasis transmission capacity in Uruguay, with historical correlation, human report review and infection risk analysis","volume":"11","author":"Bargues","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11092495","article-title":"DNA multi-marker genotyping and CIAS morphometric phenotyping of Fasciola gigantica-sized flukes from Ecuador, with an analysis of the Radix absence in the New World and the evolutionary lymnaeid snail vector filter","volume":"11","author":"Bargues","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2008.10.013","article-title":"Populations, hybrids and the systematic concepts of species and subspecies in Chagas disease triatomine vectors inferred from nuclear ribosomal and mitochondrial DNA","volume":"110","author":"Mas-Coma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2190","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13572","article-title":"Genetically \u201cpure\u201d Fasciola gigantica discovered in Algeria: DNA multimarker characterization, trans-Saharan introduction from a Sahel origin and spreading risk into northwestern Maghreb countries","volume":"67","author":"Chougar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transb Emerg Dis."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.14411\/fp.2000.004","article-title":"Comparative infectivity of Fasciola hepatica metacercariae from isolates of the main and secondary reservoir animal host species in the Bolivian Altiplano high human endemic region","volume":"47","author":"Valero","year":"2000","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00017570","article-title":"On the morphology and life history of Fasciola nyanzae (Leiper, 1910) from the hippopotamus","volume-title":"J Helminthol","author":"Dinnik","year":"1961"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-021-01093-2","article-title":"Carolus H, Hammoud C, Muzarabani KC, Barson M, Huyse T. Invasive snails, parasite spillback, and potential parasite spillover drive parasitic diseases of Hippopotamus amphibius in artificial lakes of Zimbabwe","volume":"19","author":"Schols","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Biol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-43.4.762","article-title":"Whipps CW, Gillin CM, Kent ML. DNA-based Identification of a hepatic trematode in an Elk Calf","volume":"43","author":"Bildfell","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Wildlife Dis."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638716660129","article-title":"Pulmonary embolization of immature Fascioloides magna causing fatal hemothorax confirmed by molecular technique in a heifer in the United States","volume":"28","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Inv."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1324.1","article-title":"Sequence analysis of ribosomal and mitochondrial genes of the giant liver fluke Fascioloides magna (Trematoda: Fasciolidae): intraspecific variation and differentiation from Fasciola hepatica","volume":"94","author":"Kralova-Hromadova","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(93)90042-W","article-title":"Affinities of the Gyliauchenidae: utility of the 18S rRNA gene for phylogenetic inference in the Digenea (Platyhelminthes)","volume":"23","author":"Blair","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e136","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X20000164","article-title":"Description and phylogenetic analyses of ribosomal transcription units from species of Fasciolidae (Platyhelminthes: Digenea)","volume":"94","author":"Le","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Helminthol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2514-9","article-title":"Updated molecular phylogenetic data for Opisthorchis spp. (Trematoda: Opisthorchioidea) from ducks in Vietnam.","volume":"10","author":"Dao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S115","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182001008034","article-title":"Fasciola hepatica and lymnaeid snails occurring at very high altitude in South America.","volume":"123","author":"Mas-Coma","year":"2001","journal-title":"Parasitology."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1179\/136485907X229077","article-title":"Characterisation of Lymnaea cubensis, L. viatrix and L. neotropica n. sp., the main vectors of Fasciola hepatica in Latin America, by analysis of their ribosomal and mitochondrial DNA","volume":"101","author":"Bargues","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.2307\/3284367","article-title":"SSU rDNA characterization of lymnaeid snails transmitting human fascioliasis in South and Central America","volume":"83","author":"Bargues","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Parasitol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msy096","article-title":"Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms","volume":"35","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W14","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkq321","article-title":"ALTER: program-oriented conversion of DNA and protein alignments","volume":"38","author":"Glez-Pe\u00f1a","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nucl Acids Res"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1079\/JOH2005297","article-title":"Reviewing lymnaeid vectors of fascioliasis by ribosomal DNA sequence analyses","volume":"79","author":"Bargues","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Helminthol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/S1055-7903(03)00241-0","article-title":"How do insect nuclear and mitochondrial gene substitution patterns differ? Insights from Bayesian analyses of combined datasets","volume":"30","author":"Lin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Phyl Evol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.36.091704.175513","article-title":"The population biology of mitochondrial DNA and its phylogenetic implications","volume":"36","author":"Ballard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Rev Ecol Evol Syst."},{"key":"B45","article-title":"Fasciolopsis buski and fasciolopsiasis.","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Food Safety, Second Edition. Reference Collection in Food Sciences - via ScienceDirect, Elsevier Major Reference Works","author":"Mas-Coma","year":"2022"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2039-2","article-title":"Fasciolopsis buski (Digenea: Fasciolidae) from China and India may represent distinct taxa based on mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences.","volume":"10","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"B47","volume-title":"The Epidemiology of Fasciola gigantica in Cattle in Uganda Protectorate","author":"Coyle","year":"1961"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02357089","article-title":"Infections with Fasciola spp. in wildlife in Africa","volume":"4","author":"Hammond","year":"1972","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1177\/030098586700400604","article-title":"Some diseases of the hippopotamus in Uganda","volume":"4","author":"Cowan","year":"1967","journal-title":"Pathol Vet."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000012294","article-title":"revision on the genus Fasciola with particular reference to F. gigantica (Cobbold) and F nyanzi (Leiper)","volume":"13","author":"Jackson","year":"1921","journal-title":"Parasitology."},{"key":"B51","first-page":"563","article-title":"Observations on the pathology of bilharziasis and other parasitic infestations of Hippopotamus amphibius Linnaeus, 1758, from the Kruger National Park","volume":"34","author":"McCully","year":"1967","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J Vet Res."},{"key":"B52","first-page":"403","article-title":"Helminthes parasites de certains animaux domestiques et sauvages du Tchad","volume":"17","author":"Graber","year":"1969","journal-title":"Bull Epiz Dis Africa."},{"key":"B53","first-page":"66","article-title":"Parasitological examination of common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) faeces in the Gamba Complex of Protected Area in Gabon","volume":"101","author":"Rietmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wien Tier\u00e4rztl Monatsschr."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.12.307","article-title":"A cascade of biological invasions and parasite spillback in man-made Lake Kariba","volume":"659","author":"Carolus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1910.tb01894.x","article-title":"The entozoa of the hippopotamus","volume-title":"Proc Zool Soc London","author":"Leiper","year":"1910"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-006-0174-3","article-title":"Phenotypic comparison of allopatric populations of Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica from European and African bovines using a computer image analysis system (CIAS)","volume":"99","author":"Periago","year":"2006","journal-title":"Parasitol Res."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2009.04.005","article-title":"Fluke egg characteristics for the diagnosis of human and animal fascioliasis by Fasciola hepatica and F","volume":"111","author":"Valero","year":"2009","journal-title":"gigantica Acta Trop."},{"key":"B58","first-page":"43","article-title":"Parasitolog\u00eda ecol\u00f3gica y evolutiva: aspectos aplicados.","volume-title":"Avances en Parasitolog\u00eda - Protozoolog\u00eda, No. 1","author":"Mas-Coma","year":"1992"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11871","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1001373107","article-title":"Early Miocene hippopotamids (Cetartiodactyla) constrain the phylogenetic and spatiotemporal settings of hippopotamid origin","volume":"107","author":"Orliac","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6264","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7264","article-title":"Hippos stem from the longest sequence of terrestrial cetartiodactyl evolution in Africa","volume":"6","author":"Lihoreau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature Commun."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1017\/S1464793104006670","article-title":"A complete estimate of the phylogenetic relationships in Ruminantia: a dated species-level supertree of the extant ruminants","volume":"80","author":"Hernandez Fernandez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Rev."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1093\/mollus\/63.2.173","article-title":"Molecular systematics of the freshwater snail family Lymnaeidae (Pulmonata: Basommatophora) utilising mitochondrial ribosomal DNA sequences","volume":"63","author":"Remigio","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Moll Stud."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025794","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis of lymnaeid snails based on 18S rDNA sequences","volume":"14","author":"Bargues","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583204","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.583204","article-title":"Sheep and cattle reservoirs in the highest human fascioliasis hyperendemic area: experimental transmission capacity, field epidemiology, and control within a One Health initiative in Bolivia","volume":"7","author":"Mas-Coma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5947","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12953","article-title":"Molecular-clock methods for estimating evolutionary rates and timescales","volume":"23","author":"Ho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Ecol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762000000400020","article-title":"Nuclear rDNA-based molecular clock of the evolution of Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), vectors of Chagas disease","volume":"95","author":"Bargues","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1666\/0094-8373(2002)28[1:FAECIT]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Faunal and environmental change in the late Miocene Siwaliks of northern Pakistan","volume":"3","author":"Barry","year":"2002","journal-title":"Paleobiol Mem Memoir."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.2004.00138.x","article-title":"The phylogeny and taxonomy of Hippopotamidae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla): a review based on morphology and cladistic analysis","volume":"143","author":"Boisserie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Zool J Linn Soc."},{"key":"B69","first-page":"171","article-title":"Reevaluation of the phylogeny and taxonomy of the Asian fossil Hippopotamuses","volume":"8","author":"Htike","year":"2016","journal-title":"Univ Res J."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00239-002-2434-x","article-title":"The evolution of enzyme specificity in Fasciola spp","volume":"57","author":"Irving","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Mol Evol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15388","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0703359104","article-title":"Thomas JA, Welch JJ, Bromham L, Metabolic rate does not calibrate the molecular clock","volume":"104","author":"Lanfear","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8114","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.8114","article-title":"The systematics of the Cervidae: a total evidence approach","volume":"8","author":"Heckeberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"PeerJ."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2012.03.002","article-title":"Global continental and ocean basin reconstructions since 200 Ma","volume":"113","author":"Seton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Earth Sci Rev."},{"key":"B74","volume-title":"Hippopotamus amphibius","author":"Lewison","year":"2017"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.56021\/9780801857898","volume-title":"Walker's Mammals of the World","author":"Nowak","year":"1999"},{"key":"B76","first-page":"137","article-title":"Hippopotamus gorgops from El Kherba (Algeria) and the context of its biogeography.","volume-title":"Proceedings of the II Meeting of African History (Burgos 15-16 April 2015), Centro Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n sobre la Evoluci\u00f3n Humana, Consorcio CENIEH","author":"van der Made","year":"2017"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3656","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2012.05650.x","article-title":"Comparative phylogeography of African savannah ungulates","volume":"21","author":"Lorenzen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Ecol."},{"key":"B78","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Grundz\u00fcge der Faunen- und Verbreitungsgeschichte der S\u00e4ugetiere","author":"Thenius","year":"1980"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9781482295184","volume-title":"Freshwater snails of Africa and their medical importance","author":"Brown","year":"1994"},{"key":"B80","first-page":"1","volume-title":"The Freshwater Mollusca of Northern Africa - Distribution, Biogeography and Paleoecology","author":"Van Damme","year":"1984"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1012231108","article-title":"Ancient watercourses and biogeography of the Sahara explain the peopling of the desert","volume":"108","author":"Drake","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B82","first-page":"221","article-title":"Freshwater snails of Jordan","volume":"14","author":"Amr","year":"2004","journal-title":"Denisia."},{"key":"B83","first-page":"23","article-title":"Some records of freshwater snail from the Occupied Palestinian territories","volume":"2","author":"Handal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Jordan J Nat Hist."},{"key":"B84","first-page":"197","article-title":"Effect of the seasonal variations of temperature on the development of Fasciola gigantica in the snail host in Kenya Highlands","volume":"11","author":"Dinnik","year":"1963","journal-title":"Bull Epizootiol Dis Africa."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000074321","article-title":"The influence of temperature on the succession of redial and cercarial generations of Fasciola gigantica in a snail host","volume":"54","author":"Dinnik","year":"1964","journal-title":"Parasitology."},{"key":"B86","first-page":"507","article-title":"Resistance of Bulinus (Physopsis) globosus, Bulinus (Ph.) africanus, Biomphalaria pfeifferi and Lymnaea natalensis to experimental desiccation.","volume":"36","author":"Cridland","year":"1967","journal-title":"Bull WHO."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.19182\/remvt.8174","article-title":"Capacit\u00e9 de r\u00e9sistance \u00e0 la s\u00e9cheresse de la limn\u00e9e (Lymnaea natalensis), mollusque h\u00f4te interm\u00e9diaire de Fasciola gigantica, au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal","volume":"31","author":"Vassiliad\u00e8s","year":"1978","journal-title":"Rev Elev M\u00e9d V\u00e9t Pays Trop."},{"key":"B88","first-page":"126","article-title":"The life history of the African sheep and cattle fluke Fasciola gigantica","volume":"17","author":"Porter","year":"1920","journal-title":"South African J Sci."},{"key":"B89","first-page":"531","article-title":"Lymnaea (Radix) natalensis undussumae von Martens, transmetteur naturel de Fasciola gigantica Cobbold au Congo Beige. Reproduction exp\u00e9rimentale du cycle \u00e9volutif de cette douve.","volume":"31","author":"Fain","year":"1951","journal-title":"Ann Soc Beige M\u00e9d Trop."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1038\/1711164a0","article-title":"Life-history of Fasciola gigantica Cobbold 1856","volume":"171","author":"Kendall","year":"1953","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B91","first-page":"397","article-title":"Observations on the succession of redial generations of Fasciola gigantica Cobbold in a snail host","volume":"7","author":"Dinnik","year":"1956","journal-title":"Zeitschr Tropenm Parasitol."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60363-2","article-title":"Relationships between the species of Fasciola and the molluscan hosts","volume":"3","author":"Kendall","year":"1965","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00034143","article-title":"On the comparative susceptibility of Lymnaea natalensis (Kraus) and L. rufescens (Gray) to infection with Fasciola gigantica (West African Strain) and the tissue responses in the snails","volume":"40","author":"Rao","year":"1966","journal-title":"J Helminthol."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.2307\/3279037","article-title":"Fasciola gigantica Cobbold 1856 in the snail.","volume":"62","author":"Ogambo-Ongoma","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Parasitol."},{"key":"B95","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cercarial infection of the lymnaeid snail Lymnaea natalensis (Krauss) in Ibadan, Nigeria","volume":"1","author":"Ibidapo","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Exp Appl Biol"},{"key":"B96","article-title":"Fascioliasis epidemiology in Egypt: lymnaeid susceptibility and their role in the transmission.","volume-title":"Multidisciplinarity for Parasites, Vectors and Parasitic Diseases. II K.E. Mott Symposium on schistosomiasis and distomatoses. IX European Multicolloquium of Parasitology (EMOP 9) (Valencia, Spain, 18-23 July 2004)","author":"Khoubbane","year":"2004"},{"key":"B97","first-page":"27","article-title":"Freshwater snail fauna of Jordan","volume":"11","author":"Burch","year":"1990","journal-title":"Walkerana."},{"key":"B98","first-page":"341","article-title":"Fascioliasis in Azraq Oasis, Jordan","volume":"25","author":"Saliba","year":"1978","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol Polon"},{"key":"B99","first-page":"285","article-title":"Further studies on natural infection of Lymnaea auricularia with larval trematodes and its susceptibility to infection with Fasciola gigantica Cobb. from Azraq, Jordan","volume":"27","author":"Saliba","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol Polon."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2010173251","article-title":"Radix natalensis (Gastropoda: Lymnaeidae), a potential intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica in Egypt.","volume":"17","author":"Dar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasite."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008959721342","article-title":"Functional significance of ungulate diversity in African savannas and the ecological implications of the spread of pastoralism","volume":"8","author":"du Toit","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biodiv Conserv."},{"key":"B102","volume-title":"Check list of the helminth parasites of African mammals of the Orders Carnivora, Tubulidentata, Proboscidea, Hyracoidea, Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla, Vol. 38","author":"Round","year":"1968"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-8.4.315","article-title":"Liver fluke Fasciola gigantica in African buffalo and antelopes in Uganda, East Africa","volume":"8","author":"Bindernagel","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Wildlife Dis."},{"key":"B104","volume-title":"Infectious Tropical Diseases of Domestic Animals","author":"Losos","year":"1986"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e63","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X19000531","article-title":"Fasciola species and their vertebrate and snail intermediate hosts in East and Southern Africa: a review.","volume":"94","author":"Malatji","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Helminthol."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5382","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.111163198","article-title":"Livestock genetic origins: goats buck the trend","volume":"98","author":"Mac Hugh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B107","first-page":"45","article-title":"Les d\u00e9buts n\u00e9olithiques de l'\u00e9l\u00e9vage des bovid\u00e9s et de l'exploitation laiti\u00e8re dans l'Ancien Monde","volume-title":"L'homme, le mangeur et l'animal Qui nourrit l'autre? Les Cahiers de l'OCHA, Observatoire CNIEL des Habitudes Alimentaires, Paris","author":"Vigne","year":"2007"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11597","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0801317105","article-title":"Domestication and early agriculture in the Mediterranean Basin: origins, diffusion, and impact","volume":"105","author":"Zeder","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B109","first-page":"11","article-title":"Etat des connaissances arch\u00e9ologiques sur les d\u00e9buts de l'\u00e9l\u00e9vage du mouton dans l'Ancien Monde","volume":"91","author":"Vigne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ethozootechnie."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1002\/oa.997","article-title":"Carnivores and their prey in the Wezmeh Cave (Kermanshah, Iran): a late Pleistocene refuge in the Zagros","volume":"19","author":"Mashkour","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Osteoarchaeol."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2254","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5461.2254","article-title":"The initial domestication of goats (Capra hircus) in the Zagros mountains 10,000 years ago","volume":"287","author":"Zeder","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17659","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0804782105","article-title":"The goat domestication process inferred from large-scale mitochondrial DNA analysis of wild and domestic individuals","volume":"46","author":"Naderi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1170587","article-title":"Revealing the history of sheep domestication using Retrovirus integrations","volume":"324","author":"Chessa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B114","first-page":"591","article-title":"Haplotype and genetic diversity of mtDNA in indigenous Iranian sheep and an insight into the history of sheep domestication","volume":"19","author":"Moradi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Agr Sci Technol."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.2478\/aslh-2018-0003","article-title":"Wild boar (Sus scrofa) home range and habitat use in two Rumanian habitats","volume":"14","author":"Janoska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Silv Lign Hung."},{"key":"B116","first-page":"155","article-title":"Boars and pigs: A view from the Iranian plateau.","volume-title":"De la domestication au tabou: Le cas des suid\u00e9s dans le Proche-Orient ancien. Travaux de la Maison Ren\u00e9-Ginouv\u00e8s.","author":"Mashkour","year":"2006"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1106927","article-title":"Worldwide phylogeography of wild boar reveals multiple centers of pig domestication","volume":"307","author":"Larson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15276","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0703411104","article-title":"Ancient DNA, pig domestication, and the spread of the Neolithic into Europe","volume":"104","author":"Larson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.09.009","article-title":"The wild boar (Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758) as secondary reservoir of Fasciola hepatica in Galicia (NW Spain)","volume":"198","author":"Mezo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.017","article-title":"Natural trematode infestation in feral Nebrodi Black pigs: Pathological investigations","volume":"159","author":"Capucchio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2021.100249","article-title":"Domestic pig prioritized in one health action against fascioliasis in human endemic areas: Experimental assessment of transmission capacity and epidemiological evaluation of reservoir role","volume":"13","author":"Mas-Coma","year":"2021","journal-title":"One Health."},{"key":"B122","volume-title":"Implication de la Pal\u00e9oparasitologie dans l'\u00e9tude des populations anciennes de la vall\u00e9e du Nil et du Proche-Orient: \u00e9tudes de cas","author":"Harter","year":"2003"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3406\/paleo.2005.5124","article-title":"Premi\u00e8res donn\u00e9es parasitologiques sur les populations humaines pr\u00e9c\u00e9ramiques chypriotes (VIIIe et VIIe mill\u00e9naires av. J-C)","volume":"31","author":"Harter-Lailheugue","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pal\u00e9orient."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8445","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1201693109","article-title":"First wave of cultivators spread to Cyprus at least 10,600 y ago","volume":"109","author":"Vigne","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B125","unstructured":"The Mollusca from some prehistorisc wells and ditches on the west coast of Cyprus.910 Ridout-SharpeJ The Archaeo-Malacological Group Newsletter.112007"},{"key":"B126","first-page":"47","article-title":"S\u00fcsswassermollusken aus Zypern","volume":"2","author":"Fischer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nachrichtenblatt der Ersten Vorarlberger Malakol Gesellsch."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2018.04.028","article-title":"Fasciola hepatica eggs in paleofaeces of the Persian onager Equus hemionus onager, a donkey from Chehrabad archaeological site, dating back to the Sassanid Empire (224-651 AD), in ancient Iran.","volume":"62","author":"Askari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2015.01.009","article-title":"Distribution of Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica in the endemic area of Guilan, Iran: relationships between zonal overlap and phenotypic traits","volume":"31","author":"Ashrafi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1179\/1749631413Y.0000000007","article-title":"Fossil beetles as possible evidence for transhumance during the middle and late Holocene in the high mountains of Talysch (Talesh) in NW Iran?","volume":"18","author":"Ponel","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Environ Archaeol."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2017024","article-title":"Parasitic diseases of camels in Iran (1931\u20132017) \u2013 a literature review","volume":"24","author":"Sazmand","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasite."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04472-w","article-title":"Parasitic diseases of equids in Iran (1931\u20132020): a literature review","volume":"13","author":"Sazmand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"B132","first-page":"207","article-title":"Early Pleistocene faunas of Eurasia and hominin dispersals.","volume-title":"Out of Africa I. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Navarro","year":"2010"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16688","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016688","article-title":"Mio-Pliocene faunal exchanges and African biogeography: the record of fossil bovids","volume":"6","author":"Bibi","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B134","first-page":"181","article-title":"Neogene\/Quaternary mammalian migrations in Eastern Mediterranean","volume":"135","author":"Koufos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Belg J Zool."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crpv.2017.08.003","article-title":"Criteria for identifying the African origin of early Pleistocene mammalian fauna in Eurasia","volume":"17","author":"Belmaker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comp Rend Palevol."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2009.11.028","article-title":"Hominins without fellow travellers? First appearances and inferred dispersals of Afro-Eurasian large-mammals in the Plio-Pleistocene","volume":"30","author":"O'Regan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Quatern Sci Rev."},{"key":"B137","volume-title":"The Behaviour Guide to African Mammals, Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores and Primates","author":"Estes","year":"1991"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e943399","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.2014.943399","article-title":"and a revision of the Asian genus Sivacobus Pilgrim, 1939","volume":"35","author":"Gujarat","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vert Paleontol."},{"key":"B139","unstructured":"p. 1\u2013182005"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(74)90231-4","article-title":"Morphology and ecology of lymnaeid snails of Iraq with special reference to fascioliasis","volume":"67","author":"Al-Mashhadani","year":"1974","journal-title":"Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"B141","first-page":"4755","article-title":"The parasitic infection of the freshwater snails collected in central Iraq","volume":"4","author":"Mohammad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.990872\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,18]],"date-time":"2023-02-18T15:07:58Z","timestamp":1676732878000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.990872\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]]},"references-count":141,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2022.990872"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.990872","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]]},"article-number":"990872"}}