{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T13:38:46Z","timestamp":1769089126115,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]],"date-time":"2022-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Management of complications of fracture fixation in the oromaxillofacial (OMF) region may present a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. While titanium and stainless steel implants have been utilized in successful fracture fixation in the OMF region, the use of titanium implants is preferred due to the superior intrinsic properties of titanium. Nonetheless, stainless steel materials are still used due to their availability and familiarity. In the present methods report, we describe our approach to the management of failed stainless steel plates and screws used to treat traumatic injuries in the OMF region. Furthermore, we exemplify our approach with five dogs that exhibited complications of stainless steel implants in the OMF region and their subsequent management. In those cases, all failed implants were removed. Reconstruction with a combination of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) and titanium implants was utilized in two cases while a mandibulectomy was performed in one case. Three cases required removal of the stainless-steel implant with no additional surgical therapy. We conclude that the success of treatment of failed stainless steel implants depends on the use of advanced imaging findings, appropriate antimicrobial therapy, as well as potentially regenerative reconstructive surgery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.992730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]],"date-time":"2022-09-23T11:45:35Z","timestamp":1663933535000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Management of failed stainless steel implants in the oromaxillofacial region of dogs"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Janny V.","family":"Evenhuis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank J. M.","family":"Verstraete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boaz","family":"Arzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00241","article-title":"Craniomaxillofacial trauma in dogs\u2014Part I: fracture location, morphology and etiology","volume":"7","author":"De Paolo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1177\/089875640502200202","article-title":"Oral fractures in dogs of Brazil \u2014 A retrospective study","volume":"22","author":"Lopes","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Vet Dent."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1990.tb01184.x","article-title":"Mandibular fractures in the dog a retrospective study of 157 cases","volume":"19","author":"Umphlet","year":"1990","journal-title":"Vet Surg."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-7675-6.00042-5","article-title":"33 - Maxillofacial fracture repair using plates and screws","author":"Boudrieau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Dogs and Cats."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-7675-6.00044-9","article-title":"35 - Maxillofacial fracture complications","author":"Bar-Am","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Dogs and Cats."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1054\/ijom.2002.0283","article-title":"Surface analysis of titanium maxillofacial plates and screws retrieved from patients","volume":"31","author":"Langford","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1586\/erd.10.53","article-title":"The use of titanium and stainless steel in fracture fixation","volume":"7","author":"Hayes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Rev Med Devices."},{"key":"B8","article-title":"Materials and Instrumentation","author":"De Zeeuw","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atlas of Craniomaxillofacial Osteosynthesis"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1633078","article-title":"Dental trauma caused by screws in internal fixation of mandibular osteotomies in the dog","volume":"5","author":"Verstraete","year":"1992","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.78B4.0780647","article-title":"Influence of materials for fixation implants on local infection","volume":"78","author":"Arens","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bone Joint J"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1177\/039139880903200916","article-title":"Influence of material and microtopography on the development of local infection in vivo: experimental investigation in rabbits","volume":"32","author":"Moriarty","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Artif Organs."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.01.011","article-title":"Titanium and steel fracture fixation plates with different surface topographies: Influence on infection rate in a rabbit fracture model","volume":"47","author":"Metsemakers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Injury."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1054\/bjom.1997.0084","article-title":"Policy of consultant oral and maxillofacial surgeons towards removal of miniplate components after jaw fracture fixation: pilot study","volume":"37","author":"Matthew","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000000194","article-title":"Hardware removal in craniomaxillofacial trauma","volume":"75","author":"Cahill","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2014.12122.x","article-title":"Regenerating mandibular bone using rhBMP-2: Part 2\u2014Treatment of chronic, defect non-union fractures","volume":"44","author":"Verstraete","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Surg."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00122394","article-title":"Retrieval study of stainless steel and titanium miniplates and screws used in maxillofacial surgery","volume":"5","author":"Torgersen","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Mater Sci Mater Med."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2014.12123.x","article-title":"Regenerating mandibular bone using rhBMP-2: Part 1\u2014Immediate reconstruction of segmental mandibulectomies","volume":"44","author":"Arzi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Surg."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2014.12171.x","article-title":"Initial experience with rhBMP-2 delivered in a compressive resistant matrix for mandibular reconstruction in 5 dogs","volume":"44","author":"Boudrieau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Surg."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1177\/0898756418812818","article-title":"Repair of bilateral comminuted mandibular fractures in a 12-week-old puppy using locking and nonlocking maxillofacial reconstruction plates","volume":"35","author":"Basuki","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vet Dent."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-199903000-00005","article-title":"Influence of plate design on cortical bone perfusion and fracture healing in canine segmental tibial fractures","volume":"13","author":"Jain","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma."},{"key":"B21","first-page":"654","article-title":"Internal fracture fixation","author":"Johnston","year":"2018","journal-title":"Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.11138\/orl\/2016.9.1S.107","article-title":"Metals used in maxillofacial surgery","volume":"14","author":"Pacifici","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oral Implantol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.25241\/stomaeduj.2019.6(4).bookreview.1","article-title":"Contemporary Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery","author":"Hupp","year":"2019"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.ARBA-0023-2017","article-title":"Antimicrobial stewardship in veterinary medicine","volume":"6","author":"Lloyd","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00587","article-title":"Resistance toward chlorhexidine in oral bacteria \u2013 is there cause for concern?","author":"Cieplik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Microbsiol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.992730\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]],"date-time":"2022-09-23T11:45:42Z","timestamp":1663933542000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.992730\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]]},"references-count":25,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2022.992730"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.992730","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]]},"article-number":"992730"}}